Some Recent Folds in the Lorraine Shales. 529 



reach to the surface, tlie chiy on either side over the 

 undisturbed part being nearly three feet in depth. 



The second fold occurs about seventy yards further east 

 where the cliff section is about fourteen feet in height. This 

 .second fold (Plate II.) is somewhat larger, the folded 

 part, as exposed above the shingle, being twelve feet in 

 height. The lower part of the anticline, which contains 

 some of the harder bands, before referred to, is thrust 

 towards the east of north, while tlie upper portion, more 

 free from harder beds, is nearly vertical and in places is 

 thrust towards the west of south. The dome of this arch 

 also reaches to the surface. 



In both cases the shales are much crushed and frac- 

 tured where they are pinched along the axes of the anti- 

 clines. It is probable that at one time both arches 

 •extended some distance above the present level of the 

 ground, before the shoreline was cut back to its present 

 position, and that they were evened off by the cultivation 

 of the land overlying. In both cases the folding of the 

 shales has materially weakened them, and as a result the 

 vvaves have made a small incision along the axis of each 

 fold. The axis of the first strikes N.10°W. and dips 73° 

 towards the west. 



Nearly a quarter of a mile further east there are a 

 series of four small folds. One of them is shown in 

 Plate III. This fold affects only the upper three and a 

 half feet of the shales, is about three feet across, and the 

 arch rises about twenty inches into the boulder clay, here 

 thirty inches in depth. About ten feet west of the one 

 shown in the plate, is a larger fold affecting about twice 

 the depth of strata, but in such a position that it could 

 not be photographed successfully. A few feet east of the 

 one shown in the plate are two small folds, each affecting 

 about three feet of the upper beds, but not more than ten 

 inches across. The folding is well marked, however, as 

 over the arches the shale beds are nearly vertical. 



