780 
the permian and in the triassic period this movement does not recur. 
What we do observe at the site of the future intensive tertiary 
folds, is the formation of geosynclines, in which tbe bathyal trias is 
deposited. In the jurassic period different geosynclines and geoanti- 
clines were formed whose course has been reconstrued by Haue *) 
with the aid of stratigraphical data and by removing the deposits 
of the overthrust sheets to their original site. In the formation of 
these geoanticlines some parts may rise above the sea-level, which 
will cause rows of islands and also (under favourable circumstances) 
coralreefs to be formed, such as we know now in the eastern part 
of the East Indian archipelago. Have (loc. cit. p. 1126) says of the 
géanticlinal brianconnais: “La zone axiale du Brianconnais et la 
nappe supérieure des Préalpes, qui a sa racine dans son prolonge- 
ment, sont caractérisées par un Lias corralligene ou tout au moins 
zoogene, faisant quelquefois défaut, par des couches a Mytilus, 
représentant le groupe Oolitique inférieur, et par du Tithonique 
coralligène. Ces formations néritiques indiquent la présence d’une 
crete sous-marine, voire d'un chapelet diles, correspondant a un 
nouveau géantielinal”. In the cretaceous period intensive crustal 
movements took place in most of the geanticlines, from which 
resulted partial upheaval above the sea-level, as is borne out by 
lacunae in the series of cretaceous deposits. Already in old-tertiary 
time real mountain ranges in the geographical sense were formed, 
while chiefly in the neogene the high mountain ranges arose, such 
as the Alps and the Himalaya. 
We do not purpose to make a reconstruction of the aspect of the 
Tethys-geosyncline, as it was, during the mesozoie period, in the 
region of the East-Indian Archipelago. Such a reconstruction must 
be incomplete, since a considerable portion of the region is covered 
by the sea, so that our knowledge of it is little as yet. The Alpine 
geologist will in this respect always have the advantage not only 
in that the structure in the deep erosion valleys is much more 
denuded, but also because several continuous parts of the mountain 
range can be compared with each other. 
On the other hand Arcanp®) has already pointed out, that the 
study of the rows of islands of Eastern Asia and Oceania teaches us 
what the condition may have been of Alpine mountain ranges with 
a similar distribution of land and water in earlier periods. We can 
compare the curving rows of islands of the Moluccas with the con- 
1) E. Hava. Traité de Géologie. II, p. 1125. : 
2) E. ARGAND. Sur l’are des Alpes occidentales. Eclogae Geol. Helv. Vol. XIV. 
1916, p. 179. 
