Skeleton of the Gorilla. 37 



viewing this basis cranii of the macaque, you have that of 

 the gorilla in miniature before you, any superiority^ of capacity 

 however, belonging to macaque, for I find that, by adopting 

 the method suggested by Professor Huxley, the cranial 

 capacity of a macaque is 182, the basi-cranial axis being 

 taken as 100. Examined in the same way, that of the 

 gorilla, according to Professor Huxley, is 170 ; that of a 

 baboon, 144 ; of a lemui', 119 ; of a beaver, 70. Of the Bones 

 of the face of the gorilla, the Upper Mamillary differs 

 greatly from that of man, but closely resembles that of mac- 

 aque. In both gorilla and macaque it forms no part what- 

 ever of the fr-ont boundary of the nostrils, which is com- 

 pleted below and at the sides by the PremaxiUaries, and 

 above by the N'asals. In man, the lateral boundaries of the 

 anterior opening of the nostrils are formed by the upper 

 maxillaries alone. This specimen shows well the situation 

 and connexion of the premaxillaries — that portion of the 

 upper jaw which, separate in the foetus, eventually becomes 

 united to the rest of the bone, and supports the incisor 

 teeth. The Teeth of the gorilla, although agreeing, like 

 macaque, in number with those of man, present in other 

 respects some most remarkable differences. I must call your 

 attention not only to the skeleton of the male, in which the 

 canine teeth are broken, but also to this cast of the head of 

 a fine old male. Look at these enormous canines ; look a.t 

 them, comparatively as large and similarly grooved, in this 

 male macaque. Now turn to the female, and they are not 

 more developed than the other teeth. Why is this ? The 

 answer is, they are weapons of ofience and defence, for 

 neither the gorilla nor the macaque is a flesh-eater. Du 

 Chaillu distinctly tells us that he never found other than 

 vegetable food in its stomach ; but affirms that he had 

 several times noticed skulls in which the large canines wei-e 

 broken off', not worn down. The negroes informed him 

 that such teeth were broken in combats between the males 

 for the possession of a female. Now, consider this subject 

 well. These teeth are formed in the jaw before birth ; say 

 at the sixth month of foetal life their future form is sketched, 

 and ere one year they begin to calcify or harden, and some 

 years later, that is at or before puberty, they displace the 

 milk or temporary set. On this subject, the arguments of 

 Professor Owen as against the transmutation theory are so 

 unanswerable that I will quote them. He says : — ' The 

 weapon is prepared prior to the development of the forces 



