416 



JOURNAL OF HOETIGULTtJRE AND COTTAGE GAEDENEE. 



[ November 30, 1871. 



will be obtained— a knowledge which will give yon power. Al- 

 ready I could direct you to friends or pupils whose thousand 

 trees, all pruned by themselves, would surprise many. What 

 are one thousand or two thousand trees to such men on the 

 cordon system ? And think how much they must know of 

 Pears and Apples ! Pear and Apple trellises are simply 

 splendid on the diagonal system, though I prefer walls for them. 

 These standard trellises are placed in similar conditions to 

 standards near them — the same soil, the same climate, the 

 same pruner ; where one succeeds the other will also. Should 

 you desire many of one choice sort, then have ten or twenty 

 cordons of it. Moreover, it has struck me that anyone plant- 

 ing such a Pear and Apple avenue might with advantage make 

 use of some kind of light portable protection. As, of course, 

 each side of the avenue would be composed of two rows of 

 diagonal cordons (running difierent ways is best), these pro- 

 tecting shields could be attached between the two rows, which 

 are but a few inches apart, or placed only on one side — that 

 most exposed — at pleasure, thus sheltering both. In the spring 

 they would aid to set the fruit, and be retained till July in 

 position. During July and August they might be removed 

 and replaced for September, only until the fruit was gathered. 

 M. Andre Leroy used to employ with success straw thinly 

 plaited behind his diagonal Apricots, and the light protecting 

 walls which Mr. Eendle advertises, but which 1 have not yet 

 seen, seem to me a mcs' practical idea for Euch cordons. 



I must pause here, though there ia much to be added, only 

 mentioning as excellent results of what is here advocated, that 

 I had seven Pears of Belle Angevine [Uvedale's St. Germain] 

 on a single cordon, weighing under 17 lbs. This is not re- 

 markably heavy, but the Pear in question is exceptionally 

 loose in texture, and weighs comparatively little. The colour, 

 however, reminded me of the French Pears. We had Chan- 

 montel of 1 lb. weight, General Todtleben very large and good, 

 Beurre Superfin, all Hayshe's Pears, Eivers'e Passe Crasanne, 

 Summer Bpurre d'Aremberg, JosSphine de Malines, Marie 

 Guise, Dr. Trousseau, and many others, all ripe, and growing 

 side by side, while the next season I am expecting to fruit a 

 whole host of Mr. Eivers's very newest sort. 



There are also here a number of Plum cordons, by which I 

 test any sort. Of these, the Transparent Gage is one of the 

 best. Of Jtfferson we have too much ; though fine, it often 

 lacks flavour here. We have a large fan on a west wall, and 

 two cordons on a south wall, and can say, without having any 

 doubt, where it succeeds best. Many Cherry cordons I have 

 removed, as the trees grow too fast for this style. Many sorts 

 about which I am continually asked have been destroyed, as of 

 little merit. I see them in the lists of all nurserymen the 

 same as ever, and they may suit other soils, hut my mind is 

 made up about them. — Thomas C. Bbehaut, Bichmond House, 

 Guernsey. 



CHEYSANTHEMUMS AT MR. FORSYTH'S, 

 STOKE NEWINGTON. 



Although Mr. Forsyth has not this year exhibited any of 

 those admirable specimen plants with which he has gained so 

 many prizes, his show of Chrysanthemums is nevertheless the 

 best we know of near London. Indeed since Messrs. Salter, 

 after many years of persecution by the suburban railways, 

 which were ever threatening to take away their ground, and at 

 last succeeded, we know of noplace where so many varieties 

 are grown, and grown so well, as at Mr. Forsyth's. Notwith- 

 standing the season is generally acknowledged to have been 

 very unfavourable to Chrysanthemums, the blooms to be seen 

 in his. show-house are but little inferior in size and quality to 

 those we have seen in previous years. We noted the following 

 as particularly good — viz., Jardin des Plantes and its sport 

 Bronze Jardin des Plantes, the latter being especially fine; 

 Mrs. George Bundle, Queen of England, John Snlter, Empress 

 of India, very fine; White Globe, Alfred Silter, remarkably 

 fine ; Golden John Salter, Prince Alfred, Venns, Mies Mary 

 Morgan, delicate rink, one of the new kinds of 1869 ; Beverley, 

 Golripn ■R^-,7prlpv L'dv Harding, Guernsey Nugget, Prince of 

 Wales, Lady Talfonr3, beautifully quilled ; Princess Beatrice, 

 ana L^tuy lUort^uit-t.. 



Of new kinds Mr. Forsyth has an ample store, in which both 

 large-flowering and Japanese varieties are represented ; but 

 these are so backward in their flowering that we cannot offer 

 any opinion as to tbeir probable merits. We shall therefore 

 only name a few ot them. Mrs. Wreford Major, rose, pink 

 stripe, light centre ; Miss Hope, silver white, shaded with lilac ; 



Mrs. Moggeridge. white, shaded with pink, of compact growth ; 

 Ondine, and Beauty of Stoke. 01 Japanese kinds there are 

 Cry Kang, Criterion, and several others. There was also & 

 promising pale rose Anemone-flowered variety called Princess 

 Louise. .t...^ji.-,. 



NOTES ON HOT- WATER PIPES, FLUES, AND 

 PROTECTION. 



Hot-water Pipes Sunk. — One correspondent tells us that he. 

 has studied the pages of the Journal, and has had as many 

 pipes as would have been deemed necessary, and yet even in 

 this frost of merely 8° or 10° he cannot obtain the heat re - 

 quired. It turns out on inquiry that the pipes, instead of 

 being exposed fully on all sides, are sunk in a trench beneath 

 the floor, covered over with stones, with gratings every 8 feet 

 or so to let up the heat, as he was told by eminent scientific 

 men that heat could not be kept down, that it must and would 

 rise and get into the air. We must refer him for consolatioD 

 to those men in whom he trusted. We shall only say that 

 under such circumstances more than half as much more piping, 

 we would almost say double the quantity, would be required 

 than if the piping were thoroughly exposed. 



Another correspondent complains of want of heat ; hia pipes^ 

 too, are placed in a trench, bricked on each side, and shelving 

 nicely from top to bottom. Acting on the best advice, he has 

 had the pipes painted of a mellow stone colour, and in order 

 that no heat should be lost but all radiated, the sides of the 

 trench have been painted of a shining black. The pipes aro 

 covered with a grating of iron and of wood, both rather open 

 to let the heat pass freely. Here, too, we may remark that the 

 pipes sunk may not be sufficient, as something like a third 

 more would be required to give the heat of pipes exposed, but 

 as they are they could scarcely have less fair play. For the 

 free passage of heat, the wooden trellis will be far inferior to 

 the iron one. True, heat will pass ofi from pipes of any colour, 

 and yet the slightest consideration will show that the colour- 

 ing of the pipes and sides is wrong. No doubt the white- 

 coloured pipes will feel warm to the hand, hut, on the whole, 

 the white colour is better for conduction and reflection thaE 

 free radiation. The colour of the sides is the very best for 

 absorption, and thus takes off the heat into the bricks and the 

 adjacent soil. Make your pipes black, if even with lamp black 

 and a little oil, and the sides very white with paint or lime- 

 wash ; then, from the free radiation of heat from the pipes, 

 and the reflection of heat from the side walls, we should be 

 surprised if the consumption of the same amount of fuel did 

 not throw nearly a third more heat into the atmosphere of the 

 house. 



Flues. — The complaints are endless, chiefly because, though 

 the furnace bars have been well sunk, and there is a good rise 

 to the flue, the smoke in long flues will come back, smothering 

 you, and refuse to go along as it ought to do. The complaints 

 are trifling in the case of small houses where the flues are 

 short. In flues from 50 to 70 feet in length, when long unused,;, 

 there is apt to be an accumulation of heavy damp air, even 

 when the flue is clean. In somewhat short flues lighting a 

 wisp of dry straw in the top of the chimney, and when that is 

 flaring, lighting a similar wisp at the furnace, will often make 

 all right, as the heavy damp air will thus be dislodged. But 

 frequently in long flues, not used, perhaps, from March to 

 November, this mode of proceeding will not be effectual, and 

 therefore for them we recommend soot doors, one or two of 

 which when opened, and a small fire put in, with such an 

 amount of draught as would insure combustion, will generally 

 do away with the evil. One gentleman says, " No wonder my 

 flue would not draw ; for, would you believe it? on examining 

 the inside not only moisture, but even water-drops hang along 

 the sides. Where could such moisture come from ?" We can 

 hardly answer the last query, but we can well believe the state- 

 ment. We have had sore eyes and nausea besides from a long 

 flue that makes several turns in a long wall after coming from 

 beneath a boiler. Free draught seemed out of the question. 

 The sides of the flue were beaded with moisture, and there 

 could be no free draught until that was dispelled, and we had 

 therefore to open first one and then another of the soot doors, 

 au'^ make a brisk fire in the flae with straw, shavings, and dry 

 wood, so as to heat the flue and dissipate the moisture, 

 and then the furnace drew well. There is another remedy 

 which we have often tried when we were threatenel to be 

 smoked out of a stokehole ; but though often very quick and 

 certain in its operation we are almost afraid to mention it. 



