84 Shingle on the East Coasts of JS r eiu Zealand. 



(e.) A feiv points to be noted when observing the movements 

 of shingle. (See par. 60.) 



Besides the main features of the locality and the state of 

 the weather at the time, it is important to ascertain what 

 the weather for a few days previously has been, and the 

 corresponding action on the beach. Not only the direction 

 of the wind but the direction of the waves with reference 

 to the shore should be noted. The approximate height of 

 the waves, the number of waves per minute, and whether 

 the water falling from the crest -of the waves, as they break, 

 strikes directly on the beach or on to a cushion of water, 

 may be usefully observed. The general form of section, or 

 profile, of the beach should be recorded, with the state of 

 the tide at the time of observation, remembering that, 

 except at low- water, the whole of the beach would not be 

 visible. Any information regarding the material and slope 

 below the water-line, when obtainable, is likely to be 

 particularly useful and instructive. Observations should 

 be carried on for as great a length of beach as possible, 

 carefully noting the bearing of different portions, if not 

 uniform, and ascertaining whether the beach is full or 

 empty at each part, or, in other words, whether there is 

 more or less shingle than usual. 



Appendix II. 



Travel of Shingle below the Water-line. 

 (See par. 56.) 



Since writing the paper, the author has come across a case 

 where the travel of shingle is interrupted by deep water. 

 This occurs at Harwich, on the east coast of England. 

 Shingle works down the coast from the north and has 

 formed, partly across the combined mouth of the rivers 

 Orwell and Stour, a long spit called Land guard Point, which 

 advanced in a southerly direction some 700 yards between 

 the years 1760 and 1865. In the last twenty-five years of 

 this period, the advance was nearly 300 yards; this rapid 

 elongation being accompanied by a thinning out of the 



