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sists of alternating beds of conglomerate, sandstone, marl, and clay, 

 inclined at angles varying from 15° to 35°, The succession of the 

 beds is irregular, the marl prevailing to the west and the conglomerate 

 to the east of the Jumna. 



The beds of conglomerate, or in the language of the author, of 

 shingle, are of enormous thickness, and are composed of pebbles of 

 granite, gneiss, mica-slate, hornblende-slate, and trap, derived appa- 

 rently from the Himalayas, and are either loosely aggregated or ce- 

 mented by clay and carbonate of lime. 



The sandstone consists of grains of quartz and scales of mica, ce- 

 mented by oxide of iron or carbonate of lime. The colour presents 

 various shades of red and grey ; and the state of induration differs in 

 propoj'tion to the quantity of the cementing matter, which sometimes 

 gives the stone a crystalline appearance. It is occasionally used as 

 a building material and in some instances has resisted for a long time 

 the action of the atmosphere. Carbonaceous matter is of common 

 occurrence in the sandstone, either in fragments exhibiting the struc- 

 ture of dicotyledonous plants, or as grains disseminated throughout 

 the stone in nearly equal proportions with the sand. Carbonaceous 

 matter exists also in the marl, and in one instance Capt. Cautley 

 noticed it in the conglomerate. It has never yet been found in suf- 

 ficient quantity to be of oeconomical importance. At the Kalowala 

 Pass, one of the entrances into the Deyra valley, the author discovered 

 in a bed of yellow and red sand elliptical masses of sandstone coated 

 by a thin layer of carbonaceous matter, 



' The marl or clay conglomerate is described as consisting of frag- 

 ments of indurated clay cemented by clay, sand, and carbonate of 

 lime. It is exceedingly tough, and is less easily acted upon by run- 

 ning water than the other strata. 



The only point at which trap has been observed is in the neigh- 

 bourhood of Nahun, where it has been noticed by Dr. Falconer. 



Soda effloresces on the surface of the shingle and sandstone, and 

 selenite occurs occasionally in the clay. 



The distribution of the organic remains in the district between the 

 Jumna and the Ganges, Capt. Cautley states to be as follows, the 

 greater part of the fossils having been obtained at the Kalowala Pass. 



Conglomerate or Shingle Beds. — Lignite, scarce. 



Sandstone. — Trunks of dicotyledonous trees in great abundance, 



lignite, and remains of reptiles. 

 Marl. — Pachydermata : teeth, and remains of a species of Anthra- 

 cotherium. 

 Carnivora : genera doubtful, but some of the teeth corre- 

 spond with those of the Bear. 

 Rodentia : Rat, and a small variety of Castor. 

 Ruminantia : Deer, more species than one. 

 Solipede, teeth of a Horse 



Gavial and Crocodile, teeth and bones in abundance. 

 Emys and Trionyx, fragments of, 

 Pisces, vertebrae and perhaps scales. 

 Shells, freshwater genera. 



