425 



is unlike any other in Asia Minor, yet he is inclined to class it with 

 the Hippurite limestone. 



6. Tertiary lacustrine limestone. — In the part of Asia Minor de- 

 scribed in this paper, every large valley, with the exception of the 

 Cayster, contains remains of extensive lacustrine deposits, forming 

 occasionally rounded hills several hundred feet high; but they are 

 totally wanting in the narrow ravines. They consist generally of 

 horizontal beds of calcareous marl, sandstone, and white limestone, 

 which is often identical in composition with English chalk, inclosing 

 layers and nodules of flint; but sometimes approaches in character 

 to the Italian scaglia. Near the skirts of the deposits the marls and 

 limestones gradually become sandy and gravelly, resembling in some 

 instances a shingle beach. The fossils noticed in these beds belong 

 to shells of the genera Unio, Cyclas, Lymnaea, Planorbis, Paludina, 

 and Helix, and to leaves of dicotyledonous plants. 



As far as the author's observations extended, these testaceous re- 

 mains resemble more the existing freshwater shells of the North of 

 Europe than those now inhabiting Asia Minor. Thus the genus Cy- 

 clas, common in the North of Europe, was not noticed by him in Asia 

 Minor, except in a fossil state ; and the genus Melanopsis, abundant 

 in every stream in the country, was not found in the tertiary strata. 



The author then gives a detailed account of each lacustrine deposit, 

 designating it by the name of the valley in which it occurs, or the 

 principal town in its vicinity. He terms them the basins of Mou- 

 dania, Doondar, Harmanjik, Taushanli, Gozuljah, Azani, Ghiediz, 

 Hushak, Sardis, Smyrna, and the lower vale of the Meander. 



7. Tertiary marine formations. — Accumulations assigned to this 

 class, are stated to occur on the coast of the Troad, both banks of the 

 Dardanelles, and in the southern part of Tenedos, but they were not 

 examined by the author. 



8. Trachytic and trap rocks. — Patches of these rocks are scattered 

 abundantly over Asia Minor, and are commonly associated with the 

 lacustrine deposits, which in some cases appear to be older, in others 

 younger, than the igneous rocks. The following are the points at 

 which they were observed by Mr. Strickland and Mr. Hamilton in the 

 journey from Constantinople to Smyrna: Both sides of the Bospho- 

 rus, a few miles north of Constantinople ; the promontory of i3oz- 

 bornou, north of the gulf of Moudania ; Hammamli near Kirmasteu 

 on the Rhyndacus; between Debrent and Taushanli, where volcanic 

 matter is intermixed with a lacustrine sandstone ; the vicinity of 

 Ghiediz, where a basaltic mass has sent forth a coulee of columnar 

 amygdaloid, which is 10 feet thick, and rests upon beds of sand and 

 gravel inclosing pebbles of trachyte ; Gunay ; the hills west of Kobek ; 

 an isolated hill about 8 miles from Adala, on the road to Koola ; the 

 western side of Mount Sipylus ; and the hills immediately above 

 Smyrna. 



9. Modern volcanic rocks. — These were observed by the author only 

 in the CatacecaumenC; and are termed by him modern, with reference 

 to geological epochs and not to historical events. He refers them to 

 two ages, marked by the different degree of preservation of the cones of 



2 G 2 



