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scoria and by the appearance of the streams of lava which have flowed 

 from them. The older cones, 30 in number, are low and flat ; their 

 craters have either disappeared or are marked by a small depression, 

 and they are covered almost invariably with vineyards producing the 

 Catacecaumene wine. The streams of lava connected with them are 

 also level on the surface and covered with turf. To the north of the 

 Hermus the author observed many isolated hills of lacustrine lime- 

 stone, capped by beds of lava or basalt, which he considers may have 

 flowed from these older cones. 



The newer volcanos, of which there are only tln-ee, must have 

 been extinct for at least 3000 years ; yet their craters are perfectly 

 defined, and their streams of lava are black, rugged, and barren- 

 One of these craters, visited by the author, is called Karadewit or 

 the Black Inkstand, and is about 1^ mile north of Koola. It is a vast 

 mound of reddish scoriae and ashes, has a small crater on the north 

 side, and an immense sea of black lava containing olivine and augite 

 has flowed from its base. 



As an additional proof of the comparatively great antiquity of these 

 modern volcanic eruptions, Mr. Strickland describes the effects pro- 

 duced by running water on a stream of lava at Adala, a town in the 

 north-east e.xtremity of the plain of Sardis. The Hermus enters this 

 plain from the Catacecaumene through a narrow gorge between hills 

 of mica schist. A coulee, probably derived from the most western of 

 the three newest cones, has flowed through this gorge and expanded 

 over the plain at Adala. The Hermus, thus impeded in its course, 

 appears to have flown over the lava, the surface of which is smooth 

 and bears a stratum of pebbles. In course of time the river has 

 worn a channel between the mica slate and the lava to the depth of 

 80 feet, completely cutting through the coulee ; yet so compact is 

 the lava which has escaped the action of the stream of water, that it 

 exhibits not the slightest tendency to decomposition. 



The author then points out the strong resemblance between the 

 structure of the Catacecaumene and the volcanic district of Central 

 France. In each country are extensive lacustrine formations, cones 

 of scoriae of different ages, coulees, sometimes forming plateaus on 

 the summits of isolated hills, at others continuous streams, and thick 

 beds of lava worn through by the action of running water. 



10. Modern aqueous deposits. — Under this head a description is 

 given of the travertine deposited by hot springs between the foot of 

 Mount Olympus and Broussa, forming an accumulation 2 miles in 

 length, and at the latter locality half a mile in breadth and 100 feet 

 thick. The water has a temperature of 184° of Fahrenheit, but at 

 present there are no springs except those at the foot of Mount Olym- 

 pus. 



A description was next given of the changes which have been pro- 

 duced by sedimentary matter deposited near the mouths of the rivers. 

 Thus the island of Lade, once the scene of a sea-fight betv\'een the 

 Persians and the lonians, is now a hill in the midst of a plain ; the 

 Latmic Gulf is changed into an inland lake 3 the once flourishing 

 town of Miletus, losing its harbour, is become a heap of ruins 3 the 



