SCIENCE- G OSSIP. 



PHOTOGRAPHY FOE BEGINNERS. 

 By B. Foulkes-Winks, M.R.P.S. 



(Continued from page 278.) 



Section I. Cameras {continued). 



View-Finders. — The camera should be fitted 

 with properly adjusted view-finders, one to show 

 the picture horizontally and one vertically. There 

 are three distinct makes of view-finders in general 

 use. viz., the ground-glass finder, the " Brilliant " or 

 concave lens finder, and the " Real Image Brilliant " 

 finder. Of the three patterns the ground-glass finder 

 is the most perfect instrument, and can easily be 

 made to give an absolutely correct representation 

 of the picture, as it will be seen on the negative. 

 Were it not for the difficulty of seeing the image 

 on the ground glass in a bright light, it would be 

 far and away the most perfect finder yet invented. 

 It has, unfortunately, the very serious drawback 

 that in certain lights it is almost impossible to see 

 the picture in the finder. This, however, is over- 

 come to some extent by sinking the finder in a 

 kind of well, or by supplementing the finder with 

 a rising hood, so as to prevent the light falling 

 directly on to the ground glass. The concave-lens 

 finder we do not recommend, as it is most difficult 

 to judge the exact amount of picture embraced, or 

 whether the same picture seen in the finder will 

 be on the resulting negative. The cause of 

 this is that the angle of view varies accord- 

 ing to the distance of the eye from the finder, 

 also the view included alters according to 

 the position of the eye with regard to right 

 and left. The third type of finder, viz., the "Reap 

 Image Brilliant," if correctly made, is one that 

 should embrace the advantages of both the former. 

 It is constructed solely of convex lenses, and 

 therefore gives a real image which is not movable, 

 as is the case with the concave-lens finder. It is 

 also very brilliant, and the picture can be seen in 

 the brightest light. Those with three lenses can 

 be so adjusted as to represent the angle of view of 

 any particular lens. There are. however, many of 

 these finders on the market which do not repre- 

 sent the picture given by the lens with which they 

 are sold, and are therefore very misleading. Under 

 these circumstances we strongly recommend that 

 the ground-glass finders should be selected, except 

 where the triple convex-lens Brilliant finder can 

 be secured, and can be relied upon as having been 

 properly adjusted to represent the picture given 

 by the lens upon the plate in conjunction with 

 which it is to be used. 



Folding Pocket Cameras.— The No. 3 Folding 

 Pocket Kodak shown on page 277 is for 3j- x 4J 

 rollable films — that is, the ordinary plate size. It 

 will take spools of 12, 6, or 2 exposures ; measures 

 only If x 4| x 7f ; weight, 22 ounces. It is fitted 

 with a five-inch rapid rectilinear lens, Brilliant 

 finder, and focussing arrangement ; has three stops, 

 working at about F. 8, F. 11, and F. 1G. The whole 

 camera is covered in black leather, with nickel 

 bright parts. The shutter is an ever-set one, giving 

 both time and instantaneous exposure. A very 

 similar camera, but with single lens, is made in 

 the following sizes : 3J x 2\, 3J x Z\, and 4J x 2|. 

 Any of these cameras, when folded, can easily be 

 carried in the pocket. 



The No. 2 " Bullet Kodak " (see p. 277, ante) is a 

 fair type of the box fcrrn of hand-camera for roll- 



able films. The one illustrated is for taking 

 pictures 3J x 3f ; it can also be adapted for taking 

 plates 3J x 3J, if this is desired All that is 

 necessary is to procure some double-plate holders, 

 made for this purpose by the Kodak Company. 

 The camera is fitted with time and instantaneous 

 shutter, and single achromatic lens of 4§-in. focus 

 with three stops. This camera is made in two 

 qualities, and also in 5 x 4 size, the. best quality of 

 which is fitted with rapid rectilinear lens, iris 

 diaphragms, time and instantaneous shutter, also 

 rackwork focussing arrangement, It has two 

 Brilliant finders, and can be used either for roll- 

 able films or plates. There is also the folding 

 '• Cartridge Kodak," of a slightly different type of 

 camera, although built very much upon the same 

 lines, but better finished and a more complete instru- 

 ment. The No. 3 is for pictures 3^ x 4£ ; the No. 4 

 is for pictures 4x5; and the No. 5 for 7x5 pictures. 

 These are all fitted with best rapid rectilinear lens, 

 time and instantaneous shutter, iris diaphragms, 

 rising, falling, and sliding fronts, two finders, rack 

 focussing, and socket for tripod screw. They are 

 very compact, and most suitable for carrying on a 

 bicycle. The " Cartridge Kodak " can be fitted 

 with a wide angle lens if required. This will be 

 found a very useful addition, and should always 

 be carried. The other makes of cameras of this 

 firm are the "Panoram": — No. 1, for panoramic 

 pictures 7 x 2J, capacity six exposures ; No. 4, for 

 panoramic pictures 12 x 3£, capacity five exposures. 

 The No. 3 and No. 4 Zenith Cameras ; the No. 3 is 

 for ^-plate pictures, and the No. 4 is for pictures 

 5x4. 



We show an illustration of the No. 1 "Panoram 

 Kodak" for pictures 7 in. x 2\ in. It will be 

 understood from this measurement that the size of 



No. 1 "Panoram Kodak." 



the picture renders this camera exceedingly useful 

 for such subjects as river scenery and open land- 

 scapes ; also for very open street views, such as 

 public buildings, squares, etc. The twelve-exposure 

 spool made for the " No. 1 Folding Pocket Kodak " 

 is used for this camera, which will give six ex- 

 posures just double the size of the F.P.K. picture. 

 The exposures are made by the lens rapidly moving 

 across the field of view, thus acting as the shutter 

 with which two speeds can be given. 



The firm also make a Cartridge Film Roll Holder 

 which can be easily fitted to almost any existing 

 camera without interfering with the camera or 

 plate-holders. It carries a spool of film sufficient 

 for twelve exposures, and forms a very useful 

 addition to any camera to which it can be fitted. 

 They are made in vertical and horizontal forms ; 

 the Vertical Roll Holder is the one that is usually 

 adapted to field cameras and most hand-cameras ; 

 but for some forms of hand-cameras, such as the 

 " Zenith," the horizontal will be found the more 

 convenient. The prices of " Kodaks " range from 

 os. to £1 7s. 



