66 Indian Economic Entomology, \ Vol. 11. 



case the elytra of a beetle was used. The mouth of the case is always made 

 flexible, so that, when alarmed, the insect can draw in its head and the 

 mouth of its ease as well. If a full-grown larva be removed from its 

 ease (which can only be done by cutting- the ease open, as it seems to 

 prefer death to being" squeezed out) it will be found that it is almost 

 helpless and cannot progress at all on a flat surface, as its anterior legs 

 are too long and its prolegs are too short, and are useless to it without its 

 ease. The whole body is a purplish brown, covered with short 

 bristles ; the anterior segments have a dorsal shell-like covering of a pale 

 bu:ffi colour, variegated with reddish brown. The head is reddish brown, 

 and not very large. The abdomen has a lateral row of small red spots 

 encircling the breathing apertures. Anterior legs strong and rather long. 

 Prolegs very small. When the larva is about to undergo its change, it 

 fastens the upper part of the case firmly round a twig or on to the bark 

 of a tree, and draws out the mouth in the shape of a neck, which it closes. 

 It then covers the inside of the case, now converted into a cocoon, with a 

 very fine, soft loose silk, and then turns round, keeping its head downwards 

 for the change. 



The pupa of the male insect is of the usual shape, cylindrical, 

 shiny dark, mahogany coloured. The abdomen is rather long and pointed. 

 Wings and thorax short, antennae large, broad. Palpi enclosed in a small 

 blunt process at the top of the head. All the abdominal segments are 

 minutely toothed dorsally, and there are a few short bristles on the 

 mesothorax. By this means the pupa can easily draw itself upwards 

 or downwards. The cocoon of the male is smaller than that of the 

 female. 



The pupa of the female insect is very much thicker than the 

 male, and is also of a lighter reddish brown colour. Length 1 to ]"I7 

 inches, greatest breadth "42 to "5 inches. Shape cylindrical, attenuated at 

 both ends (anal end rather suddenly so), and ending in a sharp curved 

 point ; other end truncated and wrinkled, with no trace of the features 

 usually apparent in lepidopterous pupae. This end is bluntly beaked 

 and keeled on the back of the first three segments. The fourth seg- 

 ment projects slightly over the fifth. There are breathing apertures from 

 the fourth to the tenth segfments along" the sides. On the under surface 

 of the fifth to eighth segments, there is a sublateral row of dark dots, 

 one on each segment. The whole surface, with the exception of the 

 wrinkled parts on the first three segments, is smooth, and the edges 

 of the segments are slightly defined with dark brown. The edges of 

 the two thickest segments are furnished with a minute row of teeth-like 

 processes, apparently to enable the pupa to work itself upwards or down- 

 wards at will. When the pupa changes to the perfect insect, the shell 

 covering the head and thoracial segments alone is cast off^, and the 



