September 8, 1870. ] 



JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



195 



variety.— I, H. Beldon. 2, T. C. Harrison. Hull. 3, J. Riley, Hawkaworth. 

 he, W. H. Robinson, Long Lee.Keighley ; H. Beldon. Selling Class.— 1, W. 

 Johnson, Idle. 2, J. I. Booth. 3, J. Swire, Morton, c, J. Berry. Silsden. 

 Ducks.— Aylesbury.— 1, E. Leech. 2, G. Andrews. Newark. Rouen.— 1. E. 

 Leech. 2, J. I. Booth. 3, C. Sid^wick. lie, J. Clayton, Keighley. Any variety. 

 —Ducklings.— 1, J. I. Booth. 2, J. Watts, Birmingham. 3, H. Cockshott, Morton. 

 PIGEONS. 

 Por/TEB.— Cock. — 1, J. Hawley. 2, R. Fulton, Deptford. 3, W. Harvey, 

 Sheffield, he, J. Hawley ; J. "Walker, Newark ; R. Fulton (2) ; E. Horner, Hare- 

 wood. Hen— I, 8, and Cup. R. Fulton. 2, E. Horner, he, J. Hawley (2); R. 

 Fulton. Careieb.— Cock.— 1, R. Fulton. 2, H. Yardley. 3, E. Horner, he, R. 

 Fulton ; E. Horner. Hen.—l and 2, R. Fulton. 3, E. Horner, he, H. Yardley ; 

 R. Fulton. Tuu blebs. —Almond.— I, R. Fulton. 2, E. Horner. 3, J. Fielding, 

 jun., Rochdale, he, W. Harvey, Sheffield. Any other Variety. — 1, T. H. 

 Hawley. 2. J. Fielding, jnn. 3, R. Fulton, he, J. Hawley ; R. Fulton, c, W. 

 Harvey. Babes.— 1, E. Homer. 2, J. Fielding, jun. 3, R. Fulton, he, W. 

 Harvey; R.Fulton. Owls.— 1, J. Fielding, jun. 2, R. Fulton. 3, W. Harvey. 

 he, F. Moore : J. Fielding, jun. Jacobins.— 1, R. Fulton. 2 and 3, E. Horner. 

 he, J. Hawley ; E. Horner. Trumpeters.— 1 and 4, J. Hawley. 3, W. Harvev. 

 Fantatls.— 1 and Cup, W. Harvey. 2. J. F. Loversidgp. 3, E.Horner, he, J. 

 Walker, Newark ; C. Sugden, Wilsden; F. Graham, Birkenhead. Turrits. — 

 1. J. Fielding, jun. 2, R. Fulton. 3, Clayton & Bairstow, Girlington, Bradford. 

 he, E. Horner; J. T. Lishman, Girlington, Bradford. Dragoons. — 1, F. 

 Graham. '2, H. Yardley. 3, J. Watts, he, J. Hawley; Clayton & Bairstow; 

 W. Harvey : W. Stanhope, Eccleshill ; E. Horner. Antwebps.— 1, J. Collin- 

 son, Halifax. 2, E. Horner. 3. J. T. Lishman. he, H. Yardley; W. Firth, 

 Birkenshaw. Ant other Vabtetv.— 1, J. T. Lishman. 2 and he, E. Horner. 

 3, S. Smith, Idle, c, W.Harvey; H. Yardlev. Selling Class.— 1, J. Fielding, 

 jun. 2 and 7ic,CIavton& Bairstow. 3, J. Watts, c, J. Hawley ; W. LUingworth ; 

 W. Stanhope ; E. Horner. 



Rabbits.— Heaviest— I, E.Vaughan, Birmingham. 2, A. H. Easten, Hull, 

 3, J. Quick, St. John's Wood. Lop-eared.— 1, A. H. Easten. 2 and he, C. King 

 St. John's Wood, London. 3, Lewin & Johnson, Kettering, c, W. Searbrook,- 

 St. John's Wood. Any other Variety.— 1, A. L. Kawstraw, Haslingden. 2, E> 

 E. M. RoydB, Greenhill, Rochdale. 3. M. Driver, Morton, he, E. Yaughan ; A* 

 H. Easten; S. G.Hudson (2); J. R.JeBSOp (2). 



The Judge was Mr. E. Hntton, Pudsey, Leeds. 



SOUTH-WEST AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S 

 POULTRY SHOW. 



This was held at Limerick on An^nst 30th. 



Dobktngs.— 1 and he. Mrs. Warburton. 2, S.Mowbray. Spanish. -1,8. Mow- 

 bray. 2, J. C. Cooper, he, E. G. Poer. Brahmas.—" 1 and c, J. C. Cooper. 

 2, Mrs. Warburton. he, Hon. J. Massey; Mrs. Warburton. Game.— 1, 2, and 

 Tie, E. G. Poer. Any other Variety.- 1, 2. and vhc, J. C. Cooper, he, E. G. 

 Poer ; Hon. J. Massey. Ducks.— 1, Hon. J. Massev. 2, J. C. Cooper, he, J. C. 

 Cooper; W. Lysaght ; S. Mowbray. Ducklings.- 1, Hon. J. Massev. 2, Mrs. 

 Warburton. Geese.— 1. S.Mowbray. 2. J. C. Cooper. Extra 2, Mrs. Warburton. 

 he, Hon. J. Massey : J. C.'Cooper ; Mrs. Warburton. Turkeys.— Cup and 2, J. 

 C. Cooper, he, S. Mowbray. Haiiburghs.— 1 and 2, Hon. J. Massey. 



Judge.— Mr. C. F. Stannton, ClondaUdn. 



PIGEONS AT WHITWORTH AND ROCHDALE 

 POULTRY SHOW. 



The Pigeons at Rochdale were one of the most attractive features 

 of the Exhibition, and, as would be seen by the prize list published 

 last week, not only were the entries unusually large for an agricultural 

 meeting, but the choicest specimens from many of the best collections 

 in the kingdom were brought together, thanks to the enterprise and 

 judicious management of Messrs. Royds and Fielding — two most enthu- 

 siastic local fanciers, to whom, we believe, the success of this depart- 

 ment of the Show is due. 



With an entry of 288 pens of Pigeons the services of two well- 

 known Judges were secured, the classes being divided between them 

 with the exception of the special prizes, which were awarded con- 

 jointly, the first prize in each class only, of course, competing. This 

 arrangement is very objectionable, for we think each Judge should also 

 award the special prizes in the portion entrusted to him. 



Pouters had four classes. In those for single cocks and hens re- 

 spectively, Red or Yellow, the latter colour took the lead, Mr. Fulton 

 winning with very fine birds. The principal prizes in the other classes 

 were awarded to capital Blues, with the exception of the third prize 

 being taken by a good White hen. 



Carriers had the like number of classes, with a good competition. 

 Mr. Wiltshire's first-prize Black cock was particularly good in beak 

 and wattle. The single Black hens formed a fine class, Mr. Fulton 

 taking all the prizes, and also the sectional cup, with his first-prize 

 hen. All were remarkably good specimens, shown in the finest possible 

 manner. Several excellent hens received notice. The Duns were not 

 so numerous, but good in quality. 



Short-faced Tumblers were well represented, having three classes — 

 namely, Almonds, Balds or Beards, and Any other variety. Curiously 

 enough in every class the southern fanciers had to give place to local 

 exhibitors. Mr. Fielding's splendid pair of Almonds also gained the 

 sectional cup. The same exhibitor held his usual place in Balds and 

 Beards. In the Any other variety class Mr. Minnett, jun., 'took first 

 with a magnificent pair of Black Mottles, Mr-. Hawley having second 

 with an equally fine pair of Red Mottles, the best we have seen for 

 some time. 



Owls, foreign and English, had each a class, which was well filled. 



Barbs were divided into Blacks and Any other colour, and were a 

 show of themselves ; indeed, it is very seldom we have seen such a 

 competition. Captain Heaton took the first prize, as well as the 

 sectional cup and the second prize, for Blacks with splendid birds, 

 evenly matched, and shown in admirable condition, while Mr. J. 

 Firth, jun., was third with a remarkably good pen ; the cock is one of 



the best in the kingdom, but requires a more developed hen to match 

 him. We understand £25 were offered for this cock and declined. 



Turbits, Red or Yellow, competed together, while Turbits, Any other 

 colour, also had a class. Mr. Fielding took both first prizes with 

 small, fine, well-marked birds. 



Nuns were a poor lot, only one prize being awarded ; want of merit, 

 trimming, and disease being the causes of the prizes being withheld. 



Jacobins were good. In the class for Yellows Mr. Horner was first, 

 also taking the sectional cup with a splendid pen. For Any other 

 colour Mr. Horner also took the first prize with excellent Reds, and 

 particularly fine Blacks were second and third. Mr. E. E. M. Royds 

 also exhibited, not for competition, his crack pair of Black Jacobins, 

 winners of cups and prizes at most of the leading shows. 



Through the considerate interest of Mr. Royds, Messrs. Ofctley, of 

 Birmingham, offered a silver medal for the best pair of Antwerps, 

 which Mr. Horner obtained with very smart Duns. The class con- 

 tained many good birds, the cocks being generally of great merit, but 

 in most cases imperfectly or indifferently matched in some respect. 



Fantails and Dragoons were average classes. Trumpeters were 

 good. Mr. Horner was first with Dark Mottles in a very keen compe- 

 tition with Mr. Haansbergen's Light Mottles ; the latter were un- 

 usually good in points, but rather too light in colour. The third 

 position was taken by good Whites. There was nothing particularly 

 new or worthy of especial remark in " Any other variety " class. 



HOW LONG ARE QUEENS AND WORKERS 

 IN THEIR CELLS? 



With the " Handy-Book of Bees " I am not acquainted, bat 

 from the extracts given, and the reviews of the work which ap- 

 peared in several newspapers, I have formed a very high idea 

 of the anthor, both as an elegant writer and a practical api- 

 arian. I am, however, rather surprised that the evidence ad- 

 duced by Mr. Woodbury has not convinced him that he is un- 

 doubtedly mistaken when he says that " perfect queens are 

 produced on the fourteenth day after eggs have been put into 

 royal cells." Instances, I do not deny, may have occurred, but 

 none have come under my observation, and I am not aware of 

 Mr. Pettigrew having given any proof of the allegation beyond 

 a mere ipse dixit. I would, therefore, like him to say that he 

 has actually witnessed what he states, and that his conclusions 

 have been arrived at, not by inference, but from observations 

 correctly made. 



It is well known that the evolution of queens and bees is 

 much influenced by temperature and the supplies without, but 

 the circumstance of hatching being hastened or retarded in 

 particular cases does not affect the general law. The commonly 

 received opinion, that twenty-one days are required for the 

 egg of the hen to hatch, is not proved to be erroneous by large 

 hens' eggs needing to remain under the hen twenty-three or 

 twenty-four days. Exceptions prove the rule. To my mind the 

 experiments conducted by Mr. Woodbury satisfactorily prove 

 his position. He tells us that the colony employed by him was 

 " populous," and that the period selected for applying his teBt 

 was " the height of a very favourable season." All the con- 

 ditions requisite for determining the point at issue appear to 

 have been present, and the result showed that sixteen days 

 were required for the evolution of a queen from an egg. 



The general rule I believe is this, that if the queen regnant 

 is removed from her hive, a young queen as successor will 

 make her appearance on the fourteenth day ; but this circum- 

 stance does not prove that fourteen days and no more have 

 elapsed since the hour that the egg from which she proeeeds 

 was deposited. BeeB when their queen is removed do not im- 

 mediately discover their loss, but they are seldom so long in 

 finding out the calamity that has befallen them as to be under 

 the necessity of selecting for royal honours the larvse that 

 proceed from the most recently-laid eggs. The fact that open 

 cells containing larvaa are almost always to be seen for a day or 

 two after the royal cells are sealed, shows that they are re- 

 latively younger. 



The precise age, however, of enclosed queens, and the time 

 required for their evolution, has been ascertained on ocular 

 evidence, and as I have had considerable experience with re- 

 gard to the matter, I shall relate some experiments that were 

 made a few years ago which bear on the questions at issue 

 between Mr. Pettigrew and Mr. Woodbury. In 1362 I lodged 

 a swarm in the " mirror hive," which is described in the 

 " Naturalist's Library." On August 20th eggs fur the first time 

 were seen to be laid. On the 26th the cells were sealed. On 

 September 7th the youngbees had left their cell-!, and the entry 

 made in my note-book of that date, and which I copy verbatim, 

 is " Bees hatched-out in about eighteen days." Again, on the 



