October 27, 1870. ] 



JOUKNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



323 



pinched back ; and in the following autumn, before the leaves 

 have fallen, it will be well to open a trench round them at a good 

 distance from the base of the tree, and sever all runaway ooarse 

 roots with a clean cut, refilling the trench with fresh soil when 

 obtainable. As the trees become thoi ou^aly established, their 



rootB having ramified in all directions — as far, in fact, as'their 

 powers of extension permit, very little manipulation willjkeep 

 them in order. Being healthy their fruitfulness will increase 

 with age, and nerve the cultivator to the continued study of 

 Nature's ways. — T. C. Sage. 



GROUND LEVELLING AND PRACTICAL GARDEN PLOTTING.— No. 2. 



DRAWING PLANS. 



The first thing required is a oase of mathematical instru- 

 ments, which generally contains a pair of lar^e compasses, 

 provided with shifting legs — viz., the steel, the pencil, and the 

 inking legs (the latter two are used for describing large 

 circles in pencil or ink, and the steel leg for dividing lines 

 and measuring distances accurately) ; a drawing pen for draw- 

 ing straight lines in ink ; a bow pencil ; and a bow pen. The 

 use of the bow pencil is to draw small circles, and the bow 

 pen repeats the pencil work in ink. The ink used should be 

 Indian ink, and should be put between the nibs wiih a camel's- 

 hair brush. Before drawing a line in ink try the pen on 

 another piece of paper, in order to ascertain if the line is thick 

 enough or too thick; if not right, adjust the pen by means of 

 the screw. Before putting the pens away pass a piece of 

 blotting paper between the nibB, so as to clear away the ink. 

 The case also contains a rule with a bevelled edge to use when 

 inking lines. The bevel must be turned downwards ; this will 

 prevent the work being Bmeared. 



To Construct a Scale of Equal Parts {fig. i). — Let it be re- 

 quired to con- 

 struct a scale 

 of 8 feet to the 

 inch, which is 

 the first scale 

 I have used in 

 these notes. A 

 scale of 8 feet 

 to the inch 

 means that 1 

 inch on paper 

 represents 8 

 feet on the 

 ground. Draw 

 a line of any 

 length, and di- 

 vide it into 

 inches ; divide 

 the first inch 



on the left-hand side into eight equal parts, each part re- 

 presenting 1 foot. If 



8 feet are required, 

 put one end of the 

 compasses or dividers 

 down on point 8, ex- 

 tend the other end to 

 point 0, which iB 

 1 inch, and repre- 

 sents 8 feet. If 9 feet 

 are required, extend 

 the dividers to the 

 first division of the 

 divided inch on the 

 left-hand side of 0. 

 If 10 feet are re- 

 quired, extend the 

 dividers to the second 

 division, and so on. 

 If 16 feet are re- 

 quired, put one end 

 of the dividers down 



on point 16, and extend the other end to point 0. which dis- 

 tance is 2 inches, and represents 16 feet. If 17 feet are 

 required, extend the dividers to the first division as before. 



By dividing one of the eight divisions shown into twelve equal 

 parts, each part will repreesent 1 inch. 



In drawing a plan that is required to be transferred to the 

 ground, it is safer to take the scale from a rule which has 

 different scales marked on it and is generally supplied with 

 the case of instruments, as by constantly applying the dividers 

 to the paper the holes pricked by the points will get larger and 

 lead to confusion. 



The next three scales used in these notes are 12, 16, and 

 21 feet to the inch. All three are applied as the above ; but it 

 will be manifest the more feet there are to the inch, the more 

 space the design will occupy on the ground. 



A Drawing Board is necessary, also a T square, as shown. 

 The drawing board should be about 2 feet long, and 18 inches 

 wide ; it must be smooth, flat, and perfectly square. On this 

 board the paper on which the drawing is to be made should be 

 properly fastened, which is done by pasting the edges of the 

 paper to the board. This is only necessary when the work is 

 likely to take some considerable time ; for such exercises as 



are contained 

 in these notes 

 it will be suffi- 

 cient to fasten 

 the paper down 

 by means of 

 drawing pins. 



Tlie T Square 

 (a, fig. 5), is 

 used to square 

 that portion of 

 the paper on 

 which the plan 

 is to be drawn, 

 also to draw 

 parallel lines 

 and erect per- 

 pen d i cular 

 lines ; but in 

 case the board is not perfectly square, t le -j- square should 



be worked against 

 the left-hand edge of 

 the board only — that 

 is, to draw horizon- 

 tal lines. All per- 

 pendicular lines are 

 best drawn by plac- 

 ing the set square 

 or triangle (6, fig. 5) 

 against the T square, 

 as shown ; by so 

 doing the lines will 

 be at right angles to 

 to each other. AU 

 drawings should be 

 first made in pencil, 

 and afterwards traced 

 in ink. The draw- 

 ings may be cleaned, 

 Fig. 5. or faulty lines erased, 



with a piece of in- 

 dianrubber or stale bread. — M, O'Donnell, Gardener to [E. 

 Leeming, Esq., Spring Grove Richmond. 



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16 



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12 



24 



36 



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16 



32 



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48 



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Fig. 4. 



LINARIA CYMBALARIA. 



This pretty little native plant, called by some the Ivy-leaved 

 Snapdragon and by others the Ivy-leaved Toad Flax, which I 

 think is the correct name, presents such a fanciful and pleasing 

 appearanoe in its natural state, as to be worthy of special notice ; 



for when a plant possesses, as this Linaria does, such valuable 

 qualities as hardiness, handsome foliage, dwarf habit, and free 

 flowering, combined with very little or no difficulty in its cul- 

 tivation, it is a matter of regret that it should not be more 



