November 24, 1870. ) 



JOURNAL OP HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



411 



to be trenched; that will cost — pay id per yard, or £10 Is. Sd., 

 and the cost of the trees (1210) at 6 feet apart will be, for 

 Apples, £90 15s , at Is. Gd. each ; also for Pears hbA Plnmi ; but 

 for a quantity like tbat they may be bad for considerably less 

 money. For properly plaa'iag, £3 will be required, for there 

 is a great difference between planting and cramming a tree in 

 the ground. The total expeuse will be £103 16s. 8d. — an outlay 

 at first equal to the value of the ground, and for the first year 

 we shall require manure for mulching, and for enriohing the 

 soil — say £5. The return the first year I will pass over, thongh 

 the trees will do something. The ground beisg oeoupied with 

 Potatoes will pay for the manure, and the oost of treuehing will 

 be returned as well as the labour of attending to the trees ; 

 but I will be moderate, and say the cost of the planting instead 

 of the trenching will be repaid. This will bring the first eost 

 down to £100, pay 5 per cent, on that for the outlay and rent, 

 for both of which we require £10, £5 for manure, £5 for 

 labour, or £20 from an acre of Potatoes. In trenched ground 

 the Potato crop will do that and much more. The fruit, as said 

 before is given in, though I have known the trees average half 

 a dozen, which would give 7260 for an acre, or 100 pecks that 

 would sell anywhere for £7 10s. 



The second year we crop with Potatoes, they are excellent 

 for keeping down weeds, and require " muck," the very thing 

 wanted. They would pay the wear and tear, rent, interest of 

 outlay, and leave the fruit for repaying the expenditure on the 

 capital account, though we have paid the interest on it. Well, 

 the second year they will average a dozen fruit each. I will 

 put them down at 300 pecks at Is. Gd , £22 10s., and our capital 

 stands at £77 10s. 



The third year we have the Potatoes for the last time, pay 

 interest, rent, and labour, &o., as before, and will have a pro- 

 duce of fruit f qual to a peok per tree. Where can we see trees 

 at three years after planting giving a peok of fruit ? I bad »uoh 

 this year, and have the fruit now of Cox's Orange Pippin, for 

 example, in Apples, and Marie Louisa and Bearre Hardy 

 among Pears, and I had Plums, also Cherries, at three years 

 old, which, if not yielding a peok of fruit, have given as many 

 pounds as there are quarts in a peck. This may be an ex- 

 ceptional year, but I have for the second time fuund what I 

 have stated correct of tree9 at three years after planting. I 

 will say 1210 pecks, at Is. Gd., £90 15s , whioh will clear off the 

 outstanding capital of £77 10s. 



From three to seven years after planting the produce will 

 rise from 1 to 2 pecks, many trees at seven years producing a 

 bushel of fruit ; but from three to seven years I will average 

 the produce per tree at lj peck, or 1815 peoks per annum, 

 which at Is. Gd. will amount to £136 2s. Gd. ; after paying all 

 expenses this is cent, per cent, profit. At seven years they 

 will bear 2 pecks each— 2-120 pecks at Is. Gd , £181 10s. ; the 

 seven years' produce will b« : — first year, 100 pecks, £7 10s.; 

 second, 300 pecks, £22 10s.; third, 1210 pecks, £90 15s.; 

 fourth, fifth, and fixth, 1815 pecks, £136 2s. Gd. each year, or 

 collectively £408 7s. Gd.; and seventh. £181 10s. The whole 

 value of the seven years stands at £710 12s. Gd. ! Cent, per 

 cent, on the outlay, and but a fraction short of 10 per cent, on 

 the land, which is never calculated at more than 3 per cent. 

 [We think our correspondent has made too little allowance for 

 failures owing to season and other causes, and has placed too 

 high a value on the produce. — Eds.] 



The produce will increase from the 2 peeks at seven years 

 to a bushel at ten years and often twice that, and, as far as I 

 know, will endure a generation, for the short duration of Apples 

 on the Paradise, and Pears on the Quince I believe to be purely 

 imaginary. 



Let us plant an acre of orchard, which at 21 feet apart will 

 take about a hundred trees ; these at Is. Gd. each will be £7 10s., 

 planting about £1, or £8 10s. in all. The first, second, and 

 third years there will be grass, paying the rent perhaps ; but as 

 for fruit they will be few and far between. Nor is the produce 

 in the fourth, fifth, or even sixth year much better; seven years 

 must elapse before we can calculate on a peck, and that is quite 

 as much as can safely be done, and then we have just the 

 first cost of the trees. Another seven years will be needed 

 to bring them level in produce with pyramids and buibes 

 at three years, and another seven years will be required to 

 get them into a condition to give as many pecks of fruit as are 

 produced by the others at seven years. The produce of an 

 acre of orchard trees is thought something extraordinary wlen 

 it reaches 2000 pecks, representing a value of £150, which must, 

 not be looked for under twenly-ona years, and that is less by 420 

 pecks than the pyramids and bushes will give at seven years. 



Tliere is one more point — the fruit from standard trees is 

 not so fine as that «f pyramids and hushes, and not produced 

 with sueh oertainty. It would be diffioult to explain why this 

 should be, but I find the nearer the gronnd any fruit i<, there 

 being no hiaher branches usurping all the viaour, the finer is 

 the fruit. Cordons at 1 foot give finer fruit than espaliers at 

 4. 5, or 6 feet, and the fruit of pyramids is more uniformly 

 large and good than that of standards. — G. Abbey. 



SALVIA VIOLACEA. 



This annnal is commonly known in our gardens under the 

 came of PurpU -topped Clary. Most lovers of a garden know 



j the plant, yet how seldom do we see it grown, except in some 



j out-wf-the-way eorner 1 



Treat it well, and bring it to the front of the borders and 

 shrubberies, and it will be justly admired. 



r Jhe oulture of this Salvia is most simple. Sow the seed 

 early in spring in any light garden soil, and transplant the 

 seedlings, when they have made a few rough leaves, into the 

 flower borders or fronts of the shrubberies. Everyone must 

 admire the beautiful purple leaves on the tops of the flower 

 shoots. It has also the great merit of lasting a very long time 

 in perfection. The enclosed shoots are from the open border8, 



| so yon will see the plant, although a native of Mexico, is not 



I at all a tender Eu'jeet. — J. Smith, Exton Park, Rutland. 



THE PILLAR LOSE. 

 Pekhits tliere is no form of the Rose more effective than the 

 I pillar Rose, and if this method of fashioning the Queen of 

 Flowers was more thoroughly understood, Pillar Roses would 

 probably he more plentiful in our gardens. 



A pillar Rose when fully grown should be 8 feet high, broader 

 at the base than at the summit, and in the blooming season it 

 should be clothed with flowers over its entiro height. The 

 Hybrid Chinese and Hybrid Bourbon are the best kinds for the 

 pHrpose, on acc-'unt of the masses of large brilliant flowers 

 which they produce. The Ayrshires, Sempervirens, and Bour- 

 eaults Btand next in or^er of merit, and these will attain the 

 height of 10 feet or 12 feet if required ; while the strong-grow- 

 ing Hybrid Perpetuals, Noisettes, and Bourbons, are available 

 in positions where a maximum height of 6 feet suffices. The 

 three latter groups, however, offer fine varieties that will form 

 well- furnished pillars more than 6 feet high, and they bloom only 

 by driblets after the first flowering ; still, where it is desired to 

 have flowers in the autumn, rather than in the summer, they 

 mav be preferable, and they form by no means inelegant objects. 

 Pillar Roses may he planted singly on lawns, in groups, or ia 

 avenues, and in the latter case, if the walk is of grass the effect 

 is materially heightened. 



It is by no means difficult to form a pillar Rose ; time and 

 patience are the chief requisites. Choose from the nurseries the 

 tallest and strongest plants, whether on their own roots or other- 

 wise, and here, as elsewhere, be sure to obtain suitable sorts. 

 This is a point of primary importance, and no amount of skill 

 and patience will avail if it he neglected. 



After the plants are fairly set in the ground, some recommend 

 cutting back the shoots to one or two eyes, to induce the forma- 

 tion of a few strong shoots the first year. I have no grave objec- 

 tions to urge against this practice, and if the roots have been in- 

 jured or curtailed in removal I recommend it ; but under other 

 circumstances my experience is in favour of leaving the plant 

 unpruned the first year, or at the most restricting the operation of 

 priming to the removal of the weak, misplaced, and ill-ripened 

 wood. Tie up the shoots to a neat stake immediately after trans- 

 planting, and the first growth springing from the top will further 

 extend the height of the plant. This completed, the second or 

 summer growth will probably arise from eyes nearer the base 

 hitherto dormant ; and while the former were weak and short, ter- 

 minated with flowers, the latter will he vigorous wood-shoots, 

 available for forming the plant, and giving flowers the next year. 

 Pruning and training are the principal means by T which we expect 

 to carry forward our operations with success ; but manuring 

 mnst not be neglected. Be it remembered that a pillar Rose has 

 more to support and develope than a dwarf or standard, and a 

 liberal diet should he accorded to it. Manuie twice annually 

 in February and July ; and if convenient, water frequently with 

 weak liquid manure in the growing season, especially in dry 

 weather. 

 But we have something to say on pruning and training. When 



