August S, 1872. ] 



JOURNAL OP HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



117 



Conversion of Waste into Use. — To show by a retro- 

 spective view the influence of science on the progress and deve- 

 lopment of manufactures there "will be exhibited the gradual 

 conversion of waste into use, or the increase in the employment 

 of the former, by comparing the waste with the articles manu- 

 factured therefrom, and also the intermediate products, so far as 

 these are the result of inventions and discoveries since the first 

 International Exhibition of London in 1851. 



Histobt op Pbices. — A further aim in this Exhibition is to 

 give the history of prices ; to exhibit from the chief districts of 

 production the prices of more important articles, going as far 

 back as possible, and placed side by side in average periods of 

 five years, and illustrated by samples and specimens. 



Commerce and Trade. — To show the international exchange 

 of products, a representation of the commerce and trade of the 

 world will be formed. For this purpose samples aud specimens 

 of the articles of trade and commerce of all the important 

 harbours and seaports are to be exhibited. 



On each sample will be marked its origin, its destination, its 

 price and value, the quantity of import and export, &c. ; along 

 with these will be shown statistical and graphic tables, the 

 movement of the navigation and commerce of each seaport 

 during the last ten years. 



Statistical Tables of Progress since 1851. — The intention 

 just expressed of aiding the study of this Exhibition by the help 

 of statistical and graphical tables, will be carried into effect in all 

 the departments of the Exhibition, by showing the industrial 

 progress made by each country since the first International 

 Exhibition of London in 1851, from official records. For example : 

 There will be exhibited tables of increasing areas of cultivated 

 soil, the annual quantities of agricultural products, the value of 

 land, the interest on money, the traffic and capital of railways, 

 the increase of population, &c, as they have appeared at each of 

 the periods of subsequent International Exhibitions — viz., Paris, 

 1855, London, 1862, Paris, 1867. 



Thus there will be shown the productive powers of different 

 nations in the respective departments assigned to their products 

 in the Exhibition building. 



On the other hand all particulars of the different articles to be 

 exhibited, such as : The name of the exhibitor, the description 

 of the objects, the price (which the exhibitor is at liberty to attach 

 if he please) may be shown on labels attached to each article. 



In the same manner all other informations of public interest 

 the exhibitor may wish to have published, such as the history 

 and importance of the establishment, its progressive develop- 

 ment, its annual production, may also be written or printed and 

 annexed to the objects exhibited; in contradistinction to former 

 international exhibitions which confined these informations to 

 the printed catalogue. 



Comparative Trials of New Inventions with Lectures. — 

 For the purpose of rendering this Exhibition especially instruc- 

 tive and educational, it is intended to make comparative trials 

 and experiments on processes new or hitherto little known. 

 The value of objects exhibited will be submitted to practical 

 tests. For example : Experiments will be made regarding the 

 production of wines (application of the hydro-extractor, heating 

 of wines, &c), trials with machine tools of every description, 

 application of the electric light, utilising of aerostation (captive 

 balloons, &c), experiments with explosive materials, with steam 

 ploughs, transmission of power by wire ropes, locomotives, 

 engines on common roads, steam fire engines, &c. 



Lectures will be given on these subjects in a special lecture- 

 room of the Exhibition, and international prize problems issued, 

 as, for example, on the best implements for the cultivation of 

 Beetroots for the fabrication of sugar. 



Temporary Exhibitions. — Arrangements will be made for a 

 series of temporary international exhibitions of such articles 

 which by their nature do not admit of an exposition of long 

 duration. They will comprise : 



Living animals (horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, fowls, 

 game, fish, &c); 



Poultry, venison, butcher's meat, pork, &c. ; 



Dairy produce ; milk, cheese, &c. ; 



Vegetable produce ; fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, flowers, 

 plants, &c, 



Living plants injurious to agriculture and forestry. 



International Congresses and Conferences. — During the 

 Exhibition various international congresses and conferences will 

 be arranged for discussing important matters to which either 

 the Exhibition itself may give rise, or specially selected as snb- 

 j ects of international discussion. 



More especially there will be international congresses of men 

 of science, teachers, andartists, physicians, directors of museums 

 of fine art applied to industry, teachers of drawing, architects, 

 engineers, representatives of chambers of commerce, economists 

 acquainted with the questions relative to banking and insurance, 

 of agriculturists, foresters, mining engineers, &c. 



Among questions subject to such discussion will be the follow- 

 ing:— 



The question of intellectual property, of the improvement of 



public taste, of the promotion and diffusion of arts of design, on 

 economy of transport, on obtaining the highest efficiency of 

 machines, on the extension and development of forest statics, 

 on reducing the price of food, whether by increased production, 

 better organisation of markets, reformed cookery, or new methods 

 of preserving food ; on the nourishment and early rearing of an 

 infant, on early healthful ti-aining and gymnastics, on the exer- 

 tions of our time in regard to the curing of deformed children, 

 on the education of woman and improvement of her social con- 

 dition. 



Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestrt. — (a.) Plants for 

 food and physic (excluding fresh fruits and vegetables, which are 

 to be the subjects of temporary exhibitions). (6.) Tobacco and 

 other narcotic plants, (c.) Vegetable fibre (as Cotton, Flax, 

 Hemp, Jute, China Grass, &c.) ; and other plants of commerce 

 in their raw state, (d.) Cocoons of silkworms, (e.) Animal 

 products in a raw state (skins, hides, feathers, bristles, &c). 

 (/.) Wool, (g.) Products of forestry (timber, wood for cabinet 

 work, tanning substances, resin in a raw state, dyeing woods, 

 barks, charcoal tinder), (h.) Peat and its products. ft.) Manures. 

 (k.) Drawings and models of objects used in agriculture, horti- 

 culture, and forestry ; farm maps. (I.) Works of the experimen- 

 tal stations, woodland and forest doom books, statics of forests, 

 &e. (m.) Processes and inventions for producing, transporting, 

 and storing the above-mentioned products. (;t.) Plans of gardens, 

 drawings and models of horticultural implements, hothouses, 

 conservatories, irrigation, &c. (o.) New methods of horti- 

 cultural cultivation, {p.) Statistics of production. 



All communications to be addressed to Philip Cunliffe Owen, 

 Esq., Secretary, Vienna Exhibition Offices, 41, Parliament 

 Street, London, S.W. 



WOKK FOE THE WEEK. 



kitchen garden. 

 An unquestionable advantage attends the practice of sys- 

 tematically keeping the surface of the ground loose and open, 

 about growing crops, and this recommendation is more par- 

 ticularly applicable to stiff loamy garden lands. From inatten- 

 tion to this apparently simple matter it is evident that both 

 the absorption and evaporation of moisture must be impeded, 

 and thus the advantage of atmospheric influences considerably 

 diminished. The hoe at this moment, for the purpose above 

 mentioned, and the complete extirpation of weeds, should be 

 constantly employed. The decline-* of some of the earlier 

 quarters of Beans, Cauliflowers, Peas, and Spinach will afford 

 the opportunity of making farther additions to the stock of 

 Broccoli, or of planting a main crop of Coleworts ; in either 

 case the ground should be dug and manured. A thorough 

 examination of the whole stock of Winter Greens should take 

 place, and all vacancies should be filled up. The weather 

 favours the operation of transplanting, and it should be re- 

 membered that the present is a period of the year most im- 

 portant for completing arrangements for the due supply of 

 vegetables throughout the winter. Celery planting ought by 

 this time to be finished, and active preparations commenced 

 at once for providing a due proportion of Endive to last the 

 winter ; it may be planted with advantage on raised beds. A 

 piece of ground favourably situated must be held in reserve 

 for a sowing of Onions. The tops of the main crops of Onions 

 had better be laid down if they are inclined to be too rank, 

 going over the bed with a wooden-headed rake, and pressing 

 the tops down sufficiently to check further growth. Spinach 

 sufficient for the winter supply should be sown without further 

 delay. Sow Radishes, Lettuce, and other salading. Collect, 

 droppings for Mushroom beds. 



fruit garden. 

 Keep the shoots of Apricots, Plums, &c, closely tacked to 

 the wall, and afford the fruit as fair an opportunity of ex- 

 posure as possible. Trap earwigs and ants about Aprieot 

 trees. See to the speedy formation of Strawberry beds. 



flower garden. 

 The active growth of plants in the flower garden,- encouraged; 

 by the prevailing humidity of the weather, causes much work 

 when neatness is required. Verbena beds require pegging. 

 Scarlet Pelargoniums are particularly succulent, and present- 

 ing such a large mass of foliage, are particularly liable to 

 be injured if not staked securely. Dahlias require similar 

 attention. Climbers, too, must be constantly looked to. Now 

 that the effect of the present arrangement of colours in beds 

 can be fairly seen, there is an excellent opportunity for noticing 

 any mistakes and determining upon the arrangement for next 

 season, and this should be done without delay. When it is 

 decided with what each bed is to be occupied next season, a 



