66 Canadian Record of Science. 
known manganese region in the United States and Canada, inves- 
tigating the modes of occurrence of the ore and the mining and 
commercial history of this important product. In this very valu- 
able monograph are discussed (1) the uses of manganese together 
with the history and statistics of the manganese industry, (2) the 
ores of manganese and (3) the nature of manganese deposits, and 
to this we will be indebted for the substance of this article. 
Manganese is now used for many different purposes in the arts, 
but by far the greater part of the ore mined is converted into the 
alloys of manganese and iron, spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese, 
which in turn play such a vital part in steel making. As an oxi- 
dizer this ore is used extensively in the manufacture of chlorine, 
‘bromine oxygen and disinfectants, and for discolorizing glass, and 
as a coloring material in coloring glass, pottery and tiles, calico 
printing and dyeing and paints. 
But it is in the production of steel that manganese plays such a 
prominent and valuable part. In 1839, Heath, an East Indian iron- 
monger, patented his process by which the introduction of the 
carburet of manganese into steel making was made with such mar- 
velious success that the price of steel was reduced $150 to $200 per 
ton. This revolution in the manufacture of steel was still further 
hastened by Bessemer, in 1858, introducing his perfected process 
in which manganese is used with great effect in his converter, 
leading to the. great reduction in the cost of steel with the conse- 
quent vast increase in its production and consumption. Of these 
alloys, spiegeleisen contains less than 20 per cent. of manganese, 
ferro-manganese 20 per cent. and more, and their effects in steel- 
making are various. In the first place their presence in the con- 
verter, after the iron has lost all its carbon, and hence been re- 
duced to wrought iron, serves to restore the proper amount of car- 
bon to “re-carburize,” or convert this wrought iron into steel. 
Again, manganese reduces the small but harmful quantities of 
iron oxide in the steel during the final melting; then passes into 
the slag, making it more fluid. 
This metal tends to overcome to a large extent in steel-making 
the evil influences of sulphur and phosphorus, and when present, 
even in small quantities, in steel, it increases the hardness, tough- 
yess, malleability and elasticity, and when the amount reaches 
8 per cent. itnot only makes the steel astonishingly ductile, but 
also very hard. 
The production of spiegeleisen and ferro-manganese in the 
United States is increasing very rapidly, but the supply of domestic 
ores is far from sufficient for the demand. In 1889, 99,481 tons 
were imported and 85,823 tons produced, and though in the census 
