Notices of Books and Papers. 67 
year ending June 30th, 1890, the home production had greatly in- 
creased, the market is still open for large quantities of foreign ores. 
Manganese is a very valuable metal in some very useful alloys, 
such as manganese bronze, from which the propeller screws of the 
largest ocean steamships are made, an alloy of remarkable 
strength, hardness and toughness; and silver bronze, now very 
largely used as a substitute for German silver, a small percentage 
of aluminium present greatly enhancing its value. 
In its chief ores, manganese exists mostly as a carbonate or an 
oxide, but though true manganese ores are mined, manganiferous 
ores of other metals are more abundant, and in reality there is no 
sharp line between manganese ore proper and manganiferous iron 
ores which are very highly valued and readily marketable. All 
of the many manganese minerals on exposure to decomposition 
from surface influences are generally converted into oxides, and 
these oxyd minerals are thus more abundant, forming the greater 
part of American ores, and are known as pyrolusite, psilomelane, 
braunite, manganite and wad or bog manganese. 
In Canada manganese ores have been found in many parts, but 
the most valuable deposits are in New Brunswick and Nova 
Scotia, those near the Bay of Fundy and Chignecto Bay having 
been the most extensively worked. Manganese was mined in 
Hants Co., N.S., as early as 1861, but the first real work was done 
at the Tenny Cape in that county in 1862 by John Brown. In 1864 
the mine at Markhamville, N.B., was opened by Major A. Mark- 
ham, and bas been worked continuously ever since, producing up 
to 1890, 40,000 tons, or by far the greater part of Canada’s total 
yield, which has been estimated at over 50,000 tons. 
The most important deposits occur in the lower carboniferous 
limestone or the associated strata, and the ore is mostly found as 
an oxide, as pyrolusite, manganite and psilomelane, and especially 
as wad. 
Nearly all our Canadian ore is shipped to the United States, 
where it is used in glass-making, electric batteries, as a dryer in 
varnishes, but very little for spiegeleisen or ferro-manganese, as it 
is too pure and high grade, and thus more valuable for other in- 
dustrial purposes, particularly glass-making, where its freedom 
from iron is a very necessary quality. The Canadian deposits are 
such that the ore cannot be extensively mined as for spiegeleisen, 
but for chemical purposes its value of $40 to $100 per ton make it 
profitable, as at the most only $15 can be got for low grade min- 
eral. The ore is found in the limestone in interbedded lenticular 
layers, nests or pockets, carrying from a few pounds to several 
tons, alsoin considerable quantities in the clays overlying the de- 
ss 
