112 Canadian Record of Science. 
subsequent finding, however, of Orthoceras rapaz, Bill, and 
some fragments of crinoidal columns in a deposit of some- 
what disintegrated rock containing numerous silicified 
fragments of fossils and directly reposing on the Lauren- 
tian in a cutting of the Grand Trunk Railway at Kingston 
Mills, finally determined the late Mr. E. Billings, the 
paleontologist of the Geological Survey, to refer the strata 
to the Black River age. Those strata which rest directly 
on the Laurentian are generally, however, quite devoid of 
fossils, and not infrequently the lower layers have the 
appearance of a conglomerate, the imbedded material being 
small worn boulders of gneiss and quartzite from three 
inches to one foot in diameter, and numerous sharply angu- 
lar pieces of quartz, chiefly of smaller size. On the north 
side of the Grand Trunk Railway track the limestones 
terminate west of Kingston Mills, but on the south side 
they extend in a partly covered escarpment about five 
miles farther eastward, and cover the intervening space 
thence to the St. Lawrence. Garden Island, and the greater 
portion of Howe, Wolfe, and, possibly, Simcoe Islands, are 
of Black River age. 
TRENTON ROCKS. 
At Cape Vincent, in New York State, opposite Wolfe 
Island, the limestones contain, amongst other life, Calymene 
Blumenbachii, Bron, and Leptena sericea, Sow, which sufii- 
ciently indicate their Trenton origin. At Horse Shoe 
Island, at the head of Wolfe Island, about eight miles south- 
west of Kingston, and again at Collinsby, on the Grand 
Trunk Railway, the rocks apparently belong to the same 
epoch. Thus, if any actual distinction is to be retained in 
Canada between the Black River and Trenton epochs, a line 
drawn across the St. Lawrence through these localities 
would appear to about indicate where the Black River 
rocks are succeeded by the true Trenton. 
QUATERNARY DEPOSITS. 
From the period of the Trenton to that of the Quaternary, 
the environs of Kingston appear to have had a long rest 
