Environs of Kingston, Ont, UL, 
Lake Ontario there were changes of this character. A 
depression at the Thousand Islands, and a rise in level at 
the south-eastern end of Lake Ontario, led to a gradual 
change in the lake’s outflow from the valley of the Mohawk 
to the valley of the St. Lawrence. This change took place 
in the Champlain era, and was probably contemporaneous 
with that condition of depression in Eastern Ontario and 
Quebec and that condition of flood and depression in the 
peninsula of Ontario west of the Thousand Islands, which 
has given us the sands and clays of the one section and the 
great areas of the clays in the other. Since then there have 
been further warpings of the surface, involving a rise from 
the Trent Valley westward and on the south and east sides 
of Lake Ontario. These disturbances have, in general 
terms, brought us to the order of things at the present day. 
THE WATER SUPPLY OF THE CITY oF KINGSTON, 
ONTARIO. 
By Pror. W. L. Goopwin, Quenn’s Univnrsiry, KINGSTON. 
In the course of an inquiry into the water supply of 
Kingston, several facts of considerable interest have been 
made out. The objects of the investigation were 
principally :— 
1. To ascertain the character of the well-waters used in 
the city, 
2. To determine the degree of purity of the water sup- 
plied by the waterworks, and, 
3. To make comparative tests between the waterworks 
supply and the water of Lake Ontario at various points 
near Kingston. 
In the course of this investigation it was found advisable 
to discover approximately the direction of the harbour and 
lake currents, and to obtain data regarding temperatures 
at various depths. 
| WELLS. 
Kingston is unfavourably situated for obtaining good 
water by means of wells. The average thickness of the 
