Memphremagog a Cold Water Lake. 353 
The results establish the two facts, ' 
1. That Lake Memphremagog is a cold water lake sans 
bottom temperature at 54 fathoms is, in early August, as 
low as 44.75° F 
2. That the high temperature of the surface at the same 
period is only maintained for, relatively, a few feet beneath, 
beyond which the mercury falls rapidly to near the lowest 
temperature. 
At the head of the lake at Newport, the flow of water 
from the small rivers rising in the Vermont hills, creates 
a decided surface current past Newport, and although I 
have not specially endeavored to trace this current onward 
to the outlet at Magog, it is suggestive from the tempera- 
tures that the warm waters from the neighboring rivers and 
streams flow, river-like, over the colder waters of the lake, 
just as the Gulf Stream, under a different influence, but 
lightly skims the surface of a large portion of the broad 
Atlantic Ocean. 
To illustrate the relative temperatures, whilst the ther- 
mometer at 12 fathoms here registered 51°, the waters of 
Lake Ontario, at their outlet into the St. Lawrence, indi- 
cated at the same depth, and at about the same period, 67°. 
ON THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF 
THE SMALL INDUSTRIES; AND THEIR ENCOURAGE- 
MENT BY CENTRAL-STATION POWER SUPPLY. 
By J. T. Nicorson, B.Se. (Edin.) 
Jt 
One of the greatest questions of the present day, in view 
of the rapid centralization throughout the civilized world 
which is now taking place in great industrial cities ; is that 
of the welfare and advancement of the skilled labouring 
classes. The attention of all who, like the writer, have 
lived for any length of time among artizans, is irresistibly 
directed to this matter; and the conclusion that things are 
far from being satisfactory is forced upon them. 
