APPENDIX 



regions " if their extension were not at times extremely limited, are very 

 numerous in Borneo. The following appear to me to be the principal 

 ones : — 



i. Sea-beaches, composed of a dry, sandy tract, where the casuarinas 

 form a small fraction of a special kind of forest, composed almost entirely 

 of one species. In such localities grow bushy and herbaceous plants 

 generally distributed within the tropics. Behind the casuarinas usually 

 extends a forest rich in endemic forms mixed with others which are not 

 so. Rotangs, screw-pines, etc., abound there. (See p. 94.) 



2. Dry rocky sea-beaches. As there is no sand the casuarina cannot 

 grow. The first line in such localities is held by trees with a wide geo- 

 graphical distribution within the tropics, such as Barringtonia, Ter- 

 minalia, Pongamia, Hemandia, various species of Ficus, etc. This kind 

 of vegetation is to be met with along extensive tracts of coast in the more 

 western portion of Sarawak. (See p. 224.) 



3. The swampy and estuarine coastal region, completely invaded 

 by nipas and mangroves. In this zone the sago and other palms, 

 especially the " nibong " (Oncosperma filamentosa) grow. (See p. 81.) 



4. The river banks within the influence of the tides, such as those of 

 the Sarawak around Kuching, where the Sonneratia is the prevailing 

 tree. (See p. 80, and footnote.) 



5. The river banks above the tidal influence, as those of the Upper 

 Sarawak. When in such localities the primeval forest has not been 

 destroyed, they are characterised by a rich and peculiar flora. (See 

 pp. 123-4.) 



6. The fluviatile region of stenophyllous plants, which I met with 

 on the banks of the Rejang and other rivers in districts remote from the 

 sea. (See page 298.) 



7. The great primeval forest in lowlands constantly watered, immensely 

 rich in species, and of enormous extent. To this type belongs the forest 

 in the neighbourhood of Kuching, of the delta of the Rejang, of Undup, 

 etc. 



8. The primeval forest of non-watered plains and foot-hills, as rich 

 and extensive as the preceding, and perhaps more so ; it is often in 

 contact or alternating with it. To this type belongs the forest be- 

 tween Kuching and the base of Mount Mattang. 



9. The primeval forest on the mountain slopes, such as that on the 

 lower parts of Mattang, so rich in Dipterocarpece, Sapotacece, Ebenacece, 

 etc. (See p. 91.) 



10. The primeval forest of the middle mountain region, where the 

 number of species is less than in the lower parts, but where certain austral 

 types abound, such as Dammar a, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladas. 

 Of this type is the forest of Poe, of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet in 

 elevation. (See p. 99.) 



11. The primeval forest on the summits of medium elevation (5,500 

 to 6,500 feet), such as those of Tiang-ladja, Mattang, Poe, where wind 

 and mists prevail. This zone is not so much characterised by its eleva- 

 tion as by its exposed position, much wind-swept, and at the same time 

 subject to frequent condensations of aqueous vapours. The plants do 

 not acquire any great size, and show mostly a small and coriaceous 



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