APPENDIX 



foliage. In such localities Mosses and Hepaticce abound, covering the 

 trunks and branches of the arborescent vegetation. (See page ioo.) 



12. The limestone hills. 



13. The so-called " Mattang " (See p. 147, etc.) 



14. The secondary forest, composed of small or middling-sized trees, 

 with species mostly of extensive geographical distribution. This 

 type of flora covers very great areas in Sarawak, and appears quickly 

 in all fertile localities where the primitive forest has been cut down, 

 cultivated, and afterwards abandoned. 



15. The " Lalang," where common species of small shrubs often grow 

 associated. This is the poorest in vegetable types in Borneo. The 

 lalang grass covers poor soil after the destruction of the primitive forest 

 and when the rains have carried off the upper and richer part of the soil. 



16. The marshy region of abandoned rice-fields, invaded by Scleria, 

 ferns, or large Graminaceae. Such are the plains of Lundu and Lingga. 

 (See p. 138.) 



17. Cultivated lands in dry situations (mostly rice), where for a 

 short time various herbaceous species have established themselves, 

 practically cosmopolitan or nearly so. (See pp. 131 and 192.) During 

 the first years that such rice-fields lie fallow, wild bananas often spring 

 up, which later give way to the secondary forest. 



18. The swampy forest of the Kapuas lakes. (See p. 187.) 



19. The swamps covered with screw-pines, which take the place of 

 our Cyperus, Carex, and Typha. As an example I may mention the 

 frequently overflowing rivers of the Lingga and Sumandjang districts. 

 (See pp. 345, 348.) 



20. The area of aquatic and submerged plants, which in Borneo 

 are reduced to the Cryptocoryne, Barclaya, and Ceratopteris. As I have 

 previously remarked, floating or natant plants are scarce in Borneo, 

 a notable characteristic of the island flora. 



Finally there remains the floral area of the elevated regions of Kina 

 Balu, with which I am not personally acquainted ; but we have a most 

 important work on the subject by Mr. 0. Stapf, in the Transactions of 

 the Linnean Society (vol. iv., p. 2, 1894). I shall not here refer to the 

 many and important facts connected with the distribution of the plants 

 on Kina Balu given in this memoir ; I shall merely remark that from 

 the point of view of Bornean floral areas, and in conformity with the 

 sketch I have given, one may recognise on Kina Balu, besides some of 

 the zones or areas above-mentioned, two others peculiar to that mountain 

 group, viz. (1) that of the big Nepenthes, which reaches an elevation 

 of 11,500 feet ; and (2) that of the summit. The latter, which is the 

 most elevated floral zone in the entire Indian Archipelago, is not what 

 might have been expected on a mountain placed in the centre of a land 

 remarkable for the great variety of peculiar forms. The summits of 

 Kina Balu do not possess numerous types derived from the surrounding 

 Malayan flora of the lowlands, nor are there many forms of the same 

 genus revealing themselves as local creations, like the Dipterocarpece 

 of the Mattang forest. The plants of the top of Kina Balu are rather 

 a casual medley of heterogeneous types derived from other mountain 

 tops often far away ; a fact which can perhaps be attributed to the 



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