24 PROCEEJDINGS MANCHESTER INSTITUTE 



mainder of the evening was devoted to a comparative study of 

 the venation of the wings of the Nymphalidae. 



Monday evening, January 22. Regular meeting ; fifteen mem- 

 bers present. The President in the chair. 



I^illian G. Bullock, M. D., presented a paper on "Some Analo- 

 gies between Insect and Human Anatomy. ' ' Some time was de- 

 voted to the definition of the terms "homologue' ' and "analogue' ' 

 and the use of the same terms for parts which present analogies 

 rather than homologies was explained by the fact that the early 

 scientists, who gave names to the parts of the insect structure, 

 were in general familiar with human anatomy before they gave 

 attention to entomology, and applied to the latter science the 

 terminology to which they were already accustomed. The cran- 

 ium, in both man and insect, contains the brain, while the heads 

 of each present a further similarity in the tendency toward the 

 specialization of external organs of sense. The tergum, pleura 

 and sternum of the thorax in insects were suggestive of the spine, 

 ribs and sternum in man ; while in both forms of life the muscles 

 act variously as rotators, elevators, depressors, adductors, ab- 

 ductors, flexors and extensors. The nerves of insects, as in man, 

 are specialized as sensory and motor, and nerves of special sense; 

 the outer layer of the brain is grayish in color, and the medul- 

 lary portion is white. There is a sympathetic nervous S5^stem, 

 which supplies the heart, oesophagus and salivary glands, and 

 also sends off branches to join the principal nervous system. 

 The alimentary canal of the insect is divided naturally into 

 parts somewhat similar in form and function to the divisions of 

 the same canal in man, and have received, in general, the same 

 names. The insect's heart, while not resembling the human 

 heart in shape, performs the same office. The blood in insects 

 is composed of serum, in w^hich float corpuscles, and the blood 

 is aerated by coming in contact with the oxygen of the air, and 

 the process of respiration, as in the higher animals, is carried on 

 by muscular contraction and relaxation. 



The President gave the next in his series of talks for begin- 

 ners ; his subject being "Coleoptera." 



