MIGRATION AND DISPERSAL OF INSECTS: LEPIDOPTERA. 69 
aegon, L. argus, L. zephyrus, L. orion, L. baton, L. astrarche, L. anteros, 
L. eroides (considered by Mr. Elwes to be a distinct species). We took 
a good many specimens of both sexes, in various parts of the Rhodope, 
but never saw any eros—nor had Haberhauer ever taken it in the 
Balkans), ©. amandus, L. escheri, I. bellarqus, L. meleager, 1. admetus, 
Li. ewnedon (and var. fylgia), L. sebrus, L. semiargus (and var. parnassus), 
L. minimus, L. cyllarus, L. tolas, lL. arton, L. alcon, Nemeobius lucina, 
Limenitis popult, Li. sibylla, L. camilla, Apatura iris, A. ilia var. clytie, 
Neptis Lucilla, Vanessa egea, V.c-album, V. polychloros, V. urticae, V. to, 
V. atalanta, V. cardui, Melitaea cynthia, M. aurinia, M. cinvia, M. 
phoebe, M. trivia (and var. nana), M. athalia, M. aurelia, M. dictynna, 
Argyniis selene, A. paphia, A. pandora, A. aglaia, A. adippe (and var. 
cleodowa), A. niobe var. eris, A. lathonia, A. euphrosyne, A. hecate, A. pales 
(and var. graeca), A. dia, A. ino, A, daphne, Melanargia galathea, M. 
larissa, Hrebia epiphron, EH. oeme, HE. medusa (and var. ewnenis), KM. 
lappona, EH. tyndarus var. balcanica, I’. yorgone var. rhodopensis, FE. 
acthiops, Iv. ligea, B. euryale, Satyrus phaedra, Pararge maera, P. hiera, 
DP. egeria, P. megaera, Knodia hyperanthus, EH’ pinephele lycaon, FE. ianira, 
FE. tithonus, Coenonympha leander, C. iphis, C. arcania, C. davus 
(interesting var.), C. pamphilus, Spilothyrus alceae, S. lavaterae, Syrich- 
thus sidae, S. carthamt, S. alveus, S. serratulae, S. cacaliae, S. malvae, 
Sie orbifer, S. sao, Nisoniades tages, C ‘arterocephalus palaemon. 
We should certainly have added considerably to this list had we 
been able to remain in Bulgaria for three weeks longer. 
Migration and Dispersal of Insects: Lepidoptera. 
By J. W. TUTT, F-.E.S. 
The normal habit of butterflies is to fly by day, yet everyone who 
follows our current literature is aware that examples are occasionally 
captured by night, usually attracted by light. Thus Studd notes having 
captured Pyrameis atalanta, September 19th, 1893, and September 23rd, 
1897, P. cardui, August 1st, 1894, Zephyrus quercus, August 26th, 1897, 
and Polyommatus astrarche, July 21st, 1899, in his light-trap at Oxton, 
whilst Harker observes that Aglats urticae flew into a room about 10 p.m. 
July 6th, 1895, at Harrow. Scudder states (Psyche, vol. viii., p. 396) 
on the authority of a boy of Topeka, Kansas, that, in the autumn of 
1898, Anosia archippus was observed almost every night, and, on one 
occasion, the: lad had taken Amblyscirtes vialis flying around a light. 
These and similar facts, therefore, open up the question as to whether 
butterflies can, and do, migrate by night, and lend considerable interest 
to the following, for w hich Scudder is primarily responsible. 
This author relates that, when spending a summer on the island of 
Nantucket, the under- keeper of the powerful flash-light at Sankaby 
Head, brought him a box full of “moths,” which had been fluttering 
about his lantern in great swarms the previous night. On opening it, 
he discovered about a dozen living specimens, not of a moth, but of 
Eugonia j-album, an insect closely resembling our British F’. polychloros. 
Hundreds of these had flown into the lantern and given the keeper 
considerable trouble. That they were moving from one place to 
another at the time would appear certain because the butterfly had 
never before, nor has it ever since, been found upon the island of 
Nantucket. A similar occurrence is quoted by Scudder on the authority 
