170 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD. 
altered, the spiracle is slightly higher again, dorsal tubercles 1 and 11 
in about the same position, i11 directly above and vy directly below the 
spiracle,iv is shghtly beneath and slightly posterior to the spiracle, 111, 
ivand vy areallclose to the spiracle, whilst there is no special tubercle on 
this seement. On the 8th abdominal segment the spiracle is rather 
higher up towards the dorsal margin, i and u are not clearly defined, 
ili is directly aboye, and v directly beneath, iv also is beneath the 
spiracle and above v, but slightly posterior to them; the special 
tubercle is right up on the dorsal area, a long way from the spiracle 
and posterior to it. The 9th abdominal segment is a mere slip 
between 8 and 10, and might be readily passed over as a subsegment 
of either. The 10th abdominal is made up almost entirely of the 
anus, anal flap, and anal claspers. 
From the above it will be seen that the special tubercles are 
situated only upon the Ist, 2nd, 8rd, 4th, 5th, and 8th abdominal 
segments. The tubercles and hairs on the prothoracic segment are in 
a double row or band transverse to the length of the larva. On the 
meso- and metathorax the dorsal tubercles approximate to a single 
transverse line. On the abdominal segments 1-5, the dorsal tubercles 
are in trapezoidal or oblong position, i right in front, 1 right at the 
back, of the segment, the latter not further from the central line 
than the former; the 1st to 5th abdominal segments are lenethened, 
as is usually the case in looping larve. 
The special tubercles are tall, cone-shaped, fleshy-looking pro- 
cesses, bearing a stout conical spike or spine with a spreading base. 
The sides of the fleshy cone are covered with horny-looking hooks, 
which are probably a development of the horny studs with which the 
skin is sprinkled. 
Generally speaking, the larva of P. smaraydaria has specially 
developed processes or tubercles on either side of the Ist, 2nd, 8rd, 4th, 
5th and 8th abdominal segments. The spiracles are not similarly 
placed on all the segments, that on the Ist abdominal being about mid- 
way between the ventral and dorsal areas, those on the 2, 3 and 4 seg- 
ments being higher up on the subdorsal area, that on the 5th is lower, 
though still higher than that on the 1st, that of the 6th is central, 
and on the 7th and 8th segments the spiracles are again higher. 
The skin of the larva is exceedingly rough and shagzeened in appear- 
ance under the microscope, being seemingly studded with little horny 
plates. 
There can be no doubt but that the special tubercles or processes, 
are intimately connected with the coat. The segments which bear the 
tufts of fragments, are always those which have the special tubercles, 
and when the coat has not been removed the special tubercles are never 
visible, although the spiracles are frequently so. I have drawn a larva 
at the hybernating stage, with and without the coat. A merely super- 
ficial glance will convince anybody that the fragments are, as Mr. 
Bacot points out, connected with the special tubercles. The only 
places where this will not hold good are on the metathorax, the bottom 
of the 6th and 7th abdominal segments, and the upper extremity of the 
10th. Here I have fancied that there is also a special formation, 
differing in design from Mr. Bacot’s special tubercle, but evidently 
serving the same purpose (figs. 4b, 56). The rough fragments of silk are 
to be clearly seen entangled in the hooks of the special tubercles, after 
he coat is remoyed. 
