184 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
wing until July and August, laying eggs all the time, so that the 
insect may be found in its earlier stages throughout most of the sum- 
mer,’ and that ‘‘the perfect insect lives a full year, mingling on the wing 
with its own progeny, and witnessing the decay and renewed growth 
of the plant which nourished it.’ He also holds that no A. archippus 
born northward ever lays eggs the same season. All of which tends 
to show that whilst the fact that the species migrates is well known, 
no sufficiently accurate observations by trained naturalists are forth- 
coming to say actually what its mode of migration reallyis. Edwards’ 
statement that there are several broods in West Virginia—eggs laid 
during April produced butterflies at the end of May, eggs laid on June 
lst produced imagines by June 25th, eggs deposited by this brood 
produced butterflies towards the end of July, whilst eggs laid July 
29th-30th, produced imagines which began to emerge on Aueust 20th, 
and the final brood was from eggs laid August 30th, the butterflies 
commencing to appear on September 29th (Canadian Hntomologist, x1., 
p. 289)—suggests continuous-broodedness of the most pronounced type. 
A note from Abbot’s MSS. indicates pupa of 4. archippus on April 
25th, that emerged May 11th (Canadian Entomologist, iv., p. 74), so 
that there is probably a brood before the earliest one mentioned by 
Edwards, oz the first brood is earlier in some years than in others. 
Lintner gives the species as triple-brooded in New York. It is unfortu- 
nate that Scudder, who has written so much about this species, is utterly 
at varlance on this point with the observations of almost every other 
American entomologist. His account, published in Psyche for July, 
1875, of the habits of this species, and just referred to, was so. improb- 
able, that one is hardly surprised at Edwards’ careful working out of 
the real facts of its life-history (Psyche, December, 1878), in which he 
showed that the hybernating females came early from their winter 
quarters, began to lay eggs at once, and died directly after, and it is 
much to be regretted that Scudder repeated his statements as to its 
hfe-history and habits in his later work in 1881. As Edwards 
remarks (Canadian Hntomologist, xii., p. 214), if Seudder’s life-history 
of the insect had been even approximately accurate, it would be a sort 
of Metheusaleh among butterflies, and instead of designating this 
phenomenal butterfly ‘‘ The Monarch,” it would be the correct thing 
to dub it ‘‘ The Patriarch.” 
However little definite information there is about the spring migra- 
tion of A. archippus,a great number of observations have been recorded of 
a habit thatis certainly unknown in any of our most observed Palearctic 
migrating species. This is the habit of swarming in the autumn. In 
some seasons the species has, at this time of the year, been observed 
in yast flocks, moving from place to place, and on these movements a 
theory has been based that the species returns to its subtropical haunts 
to winter. Scudder writes of this return journey as if it were proved 
beyond question of dispute. Moffat says: ‘‘That it migrates southward 
in the autumn in immense bodies, sometimes numbering millions, is 
well known, and has been frequently observed ; therefore, it must 
return in the spring, but by scattered individuals, to take up the 
territory it vacated in the fall,” and again he writes: “ A longer term 
of life in the mature state than is allotted to butterflies venerally, to 
enable it to fulfil its seasonal functions, seems to be required, for, if 
the same individuals that leave the north about the end of August or 
