THE PUPA OF LIBYTHEA CELTIS. 286 
nose-spine. The front of the pupa of L. celtis is very much of the type of 
those of Pararge egeria and Argynnis aglaia; a transverse, rather sharp 
ridge runs between the eyes, and just outside the glazed eye this ends in 
rather a sharp point, whilst there is a waved rise interior to this, with a 
depression in the middle line, so that there exists clearly the outer double 
spine that is so marked in the Vanessids, &c., whilst the inner pair are 
also indicated. At the angulated spine in front of the eye, the ridge of 
the nose-spine is continuous across the eyes and antenna with the 
wing ridge that continues to the spine on the 2nd abdominal dorsum. 
The whole line of this ridge, therefore, forms a complete circle round 
the pupa, in some it is a little waved, in others it is so straight that it 
all lies in one plane. This ridge is the most characteristic item in the 
pupal facies. Another marked peculiarity is the curving forwards of the 
abdominal segments, in some little degree by attitude, but chiefly by 
the narrowness of the fronts of abdominal segments 5, 6 and 7, so 
that, in some cases, possibly assisted by a little contraction by drying 
(though the pupe are alive), the suspensory button on the anal seg- 
ments almost touches the ends of the appendages on the 4th abdominal 
segment. The 8th and 9th segments are practically evanescent 
ventrally, but fairly well-developed dorsally. The total result is that 
the cremastral spine projects ventrally or even shghtly forwards instead 
of posteriorly. The actual cremastral surface, with its armament of 
abundant minute reddish hooks, has the appearance of being on the 
back of the 10th segment instead of at its end, owing to the dorsal 
surface of that seement being extremely short, unlike its condition in 
Vanessa, Pieris, &e. This whole structure is very like that of Argynnis 
aglaia, where the ventral sides of the abdominal segments are shortened 
so as to bring the cremaster to the front of the pupa, and where the 
hooks are similarly apparently dorsal by the shortening of the dorsum 
of 10. The cremastral surface in JL. celtis is more lke that in the 
Vanessids than in any other related subfamily, being narrow and 
straight in an antero-posterior line. ‘The similarly shaped surface in 
Pontia is transverse. The general surface of the pupa is free from any 
hairs and neither in this nor any other respect does it suggest any 
Lycenid character or affinity. 
The pupa is 13mm. long, of which 5:4mm. only are occupied by 
the abdominal segments 5-10. Viewed laterally the smallness of these 
seoments is seen to be quite as great as this measurement shows. The 
depth of the pupa (back to front) being 6mm. at the hump on 2nd 
thoracic, little over 8mm. at 5th abdominal. The dorsal spine on 2nd 
abdominal is nearly as high as that on 2nd thoracic, at least there is a 
difference of less than 1mm. in the thickness of the pupx at these two 
points. The ‘“ waist’ at 1st abdominal segment is made very marked 
by the following spine, the depth of the depression is quite Imm. A 
ridge or keel runs dorsally the whole length of the pupa from the Ist 
thoracic to the last segment, and it is this that forms the spine of the 
2nd thoracic ; on the 8rd thoracic and the 1st abdominal it is a slight 
ridge on a flat surface, and is so also on the the 2nd abdominal to the 
spine, behind the spine it quickly subsides, and on the later seements 
is rather a white line than a ridge. 
The spine of the 2nd abdominal is formed by the dorsal ridge, meeting 
the ridge, that is so far as I know peculiar to Libytheinae, which starts 
from the ridge of the nose-spine, appears on the eye outside the glazed 
