DIPTERA. 49 
during the larva state, losing by this metamorphosis the scaly 
coverings of the head and of all the exterior parts. They pass 
into the pupa state, and have the thorax provided with dainty 
plumes, which probably assist in the action of respiration. This 
pupa is very active and quick in its movements in the water. 
When the moment comes for its last metamorphosis, it throws off 
its feathery covering in much the same manner as the gnat. 









Fig. 32.—Daddy Longlegs (Zipula oleracea). 
Fig. 32 represents T%pula oleracea in the different stages of 
larva, pupa, and perfect insect. 
Other species of small Tipule have aquatic larvee-very similar 
to those which we have described. Réaumur remarked that each 
of these worms is lodged in a thick mass, convex at the top, formed 
of a transparent and adhesive white jelly. The larve of the 
larger Tipule are not aquatic, but are of different habits, and 
live under the ground; all soil which is not frequently turned 
is suitable to them, but they are to be found especially in low damp 
meadows. 
Réaumur saw large districts of grassy swamps in Poictou 
which in certain years furnished very little grass for the cattle, 
E 
