INTRODUCTION. 13 
tion, properly so called, among insects, his opinion was universally 
adopted. 
But in 1827 a German naturalist named Carus discovered that 
there were real currents of blood circulating throughout the body, 
and returning to their point of departure. The observations of 
Carus were repeated and confirmed by many other naturalists, 
and we are thus enabled to form a sufficiently exact idea of the 
manner in which the blood circulates. 
The following summary of the phenomena of circulation among 
insects is borrowed from “‘ Lecons sur la Physiologie et l’ Anatomie 
comparée,”’ by M. Milne Edwards :— 
The tube which passes under the skin of the back of the head, 
and front part of the body, above the alimentary canal, has been 
known for a long time as the dorsal vessel. It is composed of two 
very distinct portions: the anterior, which is tubular and not con- 
tractile; and the posterior, which is larger, of more complicated 
structure, and which contracts and dilates at regular intervals. 
This latter part constitutes, then, more particularly the heart of 
the insect. Generally it occupies the whole length of the abdomen, 
and is fixed to the vault of the tegumentary skeleton by membra- 
nous expansions, in such a manner as to leave a free space around 
it, but shut above and below so as to form a reservoir into which 
the blood pours before penetrating to the heart. This reservoir 
is often called the auricle, for it seems to act as an instrument of 
impulsion, and to drive the blood into the ventricle or heart, 
properly so called. 
The heart is fusiform, and is divided by numerous strictures into 
chambers. These chambers have exits placed in pairs, and mem- 
branous folds which divide the cavity in the manner of a portcullis. 
The lips of the orifices, instead of terminating in a clean edge, 
penetrate into the interior of the heart in the form of the mouth- 
piece of a flute. The double membranous folds thus formed on 
each side of the dorsal vessel are in the shape of a half moon, and 
separate from each other when this organ dilates; but the contrary 
movement taking place, the passage is closed. 
By the aid of this valvular apparatus, the blood can penetrate 
the heart from the pericardic chamber, the empty space surrounding 
the heart, but cannot flow back from the heart into that reservoir. 
