LEPIDOPTERA. 181 
in the shape of a Y. The chrysalis is conical, sprinkled over 
with a bluish efflorescence resembling the bloom on a plum. The 
Parnassius mnemosyne is found in the month of June in the moun- 
tains of Dauphiné, in Switzerland, Sicily, Hungary, Sweden, and 
in the Pyrenees. 
In the family of the Pier:de, we will mention many species 
remarkable in different ways, such as Pieris crategi, the Black- 
veined White, Pieris brassice, the Cabbage Butterily, Pieris napi, 
Pieris callidece, Anthocharis cardamines, the Orange-tip, Iho- 
docera (Gonepteryx) rhamni, and Colias edusa, or Clouded-yellow. 
Pieris crategi is white both above and below; the veins only of 
the wings are black, and become a little broader at the edge of 
the upper wings. These black veins on a rather transparent 
white ground make this butterfly resemble a gauze veil, hence 
its French name, Le Gaze. It flies in spring and summer in 
meadows and gardens, but is not generally common in England. 
In the first volume of his “Travels in the North of Russia,” 
Pallas relates that he saw insects of this species flying in great 
numbers in the environs of Winofka, and that he at first took 
them for flakes of snow. The Pieris crategi fixes itself at sunset 
on flowers, where it is easily taken by the hand. During the day, 
on the contrary, it is difficult to catch. The larva, black at 
first, afterwards assumes short yellow and white hairs, but it varies 
much. They live in companies, under a silky web, in which they 
pass the winter. The leaves of the hawthorn, the sloe, the cherry 
tree, and of many other fruit trees, serve them for food. The 
pupa, yellow or white, and sometimes of both colours with little 
stripes and spots of black, is angular and terminated in front by 
a blunt point. 
The Pieris brassice (Fig. 144), or Cabbage Butterfly, is perhaps 
the commonest of all butterflies. From the beginning of spring 
till the end of autumn, one sees it flying about everywhere, in the 
gardens, sometimes near and almost in the interior of towns. It 
is of a dull white, spotted and veined with black, and it can be 
seen at a long distance, when flitting from flower to flower, in a 
meadow or garden. And so children wage desperate war against 
this fying prey. The pursuit of the cabbage butterfly through 
the alleys of parks, along the outskirts of woods, or on the green 
