LEPIDOPTERA. 257 
of wood, or of little stones, stuck together, and intermixed with 
silky threads. ae 
We give a representation (in Figs. 237, 239, and 240) of the 
cases of the caterpillars of three different kinds. The females of 
these moths are completely destitute of wings and resemble cater- 
pillars. As a general rule they hardly ever leave their case. The 
males (Figs. 238, 242) are of a blackish grey and fly very swiftly. 
The caterpillars of the genus Hepialus are difficult to observe, 
as they live in the interior of the roots of various vegetables. -Such 
is the common Ghost Moth (Hepialus humuli), which sometimes 
causes the greatest damage. 
The type of the genus Zeuzera is Zeuzera esculi, or Wood 
Leopard (Fig. 243). It has .white wings with large blackish 



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Fig. 243.—Zeuzera esculi. ~ 
blue spots on the anterior, and small black spots on the posterior 
wings. The caterpillar, of a livid yellow, spotted with black, 
lives in the interior of the trunks of a great. many trees, princi- 
pally the chestnut, the elm, the lime, and the pear tree. This 
moth, which is known also by the name of Coquette, is to be seen 
in the evening flying about the public gardens of Paris, and is not 
rare in England. The most celebrated species of the allied genus 
Cossus is the Wood-boring Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda). The 
moth has a heavy brownish body and greyish wings streaked 
with black. It is found in most parts of Europe. The cater- 
pillar is of a reddish colour, as if it had on a leathern jerkin, and 
disgorges a liquid which is believed to soften ligneous fibres, 
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