300 Transactions. — Botany. 



Fagus fiisca, Hook. f. 



Hook. Ic. PL, t. 631. 

 Tooth-leaved Beech. 

 Black Birch of Auckland and in part of Otago and Southland. 

 Black or Bull Birch of Lake Wakatipu. 

 Bed Birch of Wellington, Nelson, and in part of Otago and Southland. 



It is not easy to see why any difficulty should have occurred in the 

 identification of this fine timber-tree apart from the misleading tendency of 

 the common names generally applied. The thin yet firm texture of the 

 leaf, the prominent veins, the sharply-toothed margins, are characters that 

 can only be confused with those afforded by other species by a careless 

 observer. Yet merely owing to the use of common names based upon 

 colour, and applied or rather misapplied to the leaves, bark, or wood at the 

 fancy of the bushman, no species has been more misunderstood. 



The tooth-leaved beech forms a fine tree 70-100 feet with a trunk from 

 3 to 8 feet in diameter, the bark varying greatly in colour and rugosity in 

 different localities and at different stages of growth. In the north and in 

 lowland situations in the south it is usually blackish, but in sub-alpine 

 localities the prevailing tint is of a rich deep brown. In the young state it 

 is smooth and whitish. 



The wood varies in colour but is usually reddish or reddish-black, stout in 

 the grain. It is one of the strongest and most durable timbers in the colony. 



In the young state the twigs are pubescent, leaves oblong-ovate, shortly 

 petioled, with rathar large acute teeth ; pubescent or glandular when young. 

 Cupules with membranous scales at the back ; nuts winged, the wings being 

 divided at the apex. 



Varieties with the teeth more or less abbreviated are occasionally met 

 with, but on the whole these are rare and can scarcely be mistaken for either 

 of the entire-leaved forms by an observer of ordinary intelligence.* 



The good qualities of this timber are so generally admitted that it is 

 needless to discuss the question or offer further evidence on the subject. 

 On the Thames Gold Field it has been so generally appreciated by the 

 miners that it has now become extremely rare and is said to be extinct in 

 some localities where it was once plentiful. I may add that I have examined 

 stock-yard fences which have been erected twenty-one years, and which are 

 still in good condition. 



This is the most widely distributed of the species ; it extends from 

 Ahipara in the extreme north to Southland, in many southern localities 

 forming the greater portion of the forest. In the South Island it is more 

 plentiful on the western side of the main range than on the eastern, and is 

 decidedly rare in the central districts : in Canterbury its chief habitat is in 

 the mountain district between the Wahnakariri Gorge and Bealey, where it 



* Hook. Ic. PL, t. 630. 



