so . BULLETIX 523, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGiUCULTUKE. 



directly from the log, and ask heading very largely so. Out of 

 1,000 feet Doyle scale of small logs, often as many as 5,000 staves 

 can be sawed; "while out of 1,000 board feet of sawed lumber only 

 abdut 2,500 staves can be produced, which indicates the advantage 

 of direct conversion of logs into staves. Howe^^er, some mills in 

 Texas which are remote from the general hardwood market find it 

 profitable to work ud their No. 3 common ash lumber into butter- 

 tub heading. 



Ash bolts delivered at the factory manufacturing butter-tub staves 

 and heading are worth from $5 to $10 per cord of 128 cubic feet, 

 and stumpage is worth from $2 to $6 per cord (or from $4 to $12 pier 

 1,000 board feet log scale). 



VEHICLES. 



Ash is extensively used in all kinds of vehicle construction. A 

 number of qualities of the wood make it suitable for a great variety 

 of vehicle parts; it is very strong for its weight; it is tough and 

 elastic and bends well (especially second-growth ash) ; it retains its 

 shape; is not likely to warp (especially old growth) ; and wears well. 

 For parts, such as poles, tongues, shafts, trees, axles, braces, and 

 bottom boards, which require strength and toughness, second-growth 

 white or green ash is used, largely as a substitute for hickory. For 

 parts requiring bending qualities and strength, such as felloes and 

 bows for vehicle tops, second-growth white and green ash is also 

 used. For vehicle bodies of all kinds and for panels old growth of 

 all species of ash is preferred, because it can be obtained in larger 

 sizes and greater widths, is not so likely to warp, and holds glue 

 better than second growth. Wliite and green ash are the leading 

 species of ash used in the vehicle industry; only a small per cent of 

 black ash is used because of its inferior strength and toughness. 



About 20 per cent of all the ash used in vehicle construction is for 

 automobiles, and about equal amounts of the remainder are used for 

 wagons and heavy vehicles and for buggies and light vehicles. 



The average price of ash lumber used in this industry is high 

 because a large proportion of upper grades is required; and the 

 total cost, delivered at the factory, is greater than in the dairy supply 

 industry. A considerable amount of ash is sawed into special sizes 

 for \'ehicle stock from small logs. The average price for white ash 

 delivered at the factory ranges from $18 in Tennessee to $142 in 

 Oregon. The general average for the whole country is from $40 to 

 $45. Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York are 

 the leading States in the use of ash for vehicles. Ash stumpage 

 suitable for vehicle stock commands from $5 to $25, an average of 

 $15 per 1,000 board feet. Fifteen dollars would be too high, how- 

 ever, in the South, because of the great distance from the market 

 and the high cost of transportation. 



