CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE NEPHI SUBSTATION. 45 



Formalin treatment: 



(a) 5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and dried. 

 (6) 5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and kept 

 moist 2 hours. 



(c) 2.5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and dried. 



(d) 2.5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and left 



moist 2 hours. 



(e) 1.25 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and dried. 

 (/) 1.25 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and kept 



moist 2 hours. 

 Commercial formalin, a 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde, was used. 



The treatments with both copper sulphate and formalin were 

 applied to seed of the two varieties in two ways — (1) with the smut 

 balls left in, as is ordinarily the case in farm practice, and (2) with 

 the smut balls removed. This was accomplished by immersing the 

 seed in water, and skimming off the smut balls as they rose to the 

 surface. Thus, two rows of each variety were treated in the same 

 manner, except that the smut balls had been removed from the seed 

 used for one row and not from the other. 



One hundred and fifty seeds were sown in each row. The rows were 

 2 rods long and the seeds were sown at equal distances apart in the 

 row. Besides the rows of treated seed, there were sown check rows 

 which had been neither inoculated nor treated and control rows 

 which had been inoculated but not treated. 



The seeding was done by hand and in the manner previously 

 described for the nursery sowings. In the fall of 1909 and again in 

 1911, when the 1910 and 1912 rows were being sown, care was taken 

 to disinfect the hands after each row was planted. This precaution 

 was not taken in the fall of 1910 when the 1911 rows were being sown. 

 The failure to take this precaution may explain the discrepancies 

 appearing in the results of 1911. The details of the entire test and 

 their summary are given in Table XVIII. The percentage of smut 

 was determined in the same manner as that in the time-of-seeding 

 test. 



The results presented in Table XVIII show the effectiveness of all 

 treatments when the treated rows are compared with the controls. 

 The third treatment with copper sulphate (1 pound to 10 gallons of 

 water, soaked 10 minutes and dried) gave the best results of any 

 treatments with that compound. The fourth treatment with formalin 

 (2.5 to 1,000 parts, soaked 10 minutes and kept moist 2 hours) gave 

 the best results of any of the formalin treatments. Results obtained 

 with these two treatments were, almost identical, but the ease with 

 which formalin can be handled gives that treatment an advantage 

 over the copper-sulphate treatment. 



