28 



BULLETIN 1089, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AaRICULTURE. 



Table 5. — Climatoloffical data, hy seasonal periods at various Alaska stationi, 

 for the year 1913 — Continued. 



Stations and districts. 



Seasonal periods. (Spring: April-May; summer: June-September; 

 fall: October-November; winter: December-March.) 



Mean temperatiire . 



Spring. Summer. Fall. Winter 



Total precipitation. 



Spring. Summer. Fall. WinteS 



Dutch Harbor, Aleutian Islands 



Naknek, Bristol Bay 



Holy Cross, Yukon River 



Nulato, Yukon River 



Tanana, Yukon River 



Fairbanks, Tanana River 



Unalakleet, Norton Sound 



Nome, Seward Peninsula 



Candle, Seward Peninsula 



Aklak, Kuskokwim 



Salmon River (Kuskokwim) . . . 



36.5 

 36.9 

 36.7 

 31.7 

 36.3 

 41.3 

 28.8 

 26.2 

 19.9 

 35.5 

 36.9 



49.9 

 53.0 

 50.2 

 49.3 

 51.2 

 55.2 

 46.9 

 44.5 

 45.7 



52.8 



40.2 

 29.2 

 22.4 

 15.1 

 10.6 

 13.6 

 17.0 

 22.6 

 19.5 

 18.4 

 16.6 



30.3 



16.6 



4.9 



-2.5 



-4.0 



-3.3 



1.2 



7.2 



-4.4 



9.47 

 3.61 

 .72 

 .70 

 .84 

 1.49 



11.73 

 11.29 

 13.17 

 9.25 

 9.05 

 6.92 



11.65 

 4.40 

 4.83 

 4.57 

 2.10 

 2.14 



32, 

 3.C 



2.6 



i.a 



10.94 

 5.86 



4.61 

 .73 



.77 



2.8 



RANGE MANAGEMENT. 



No cultivated forage crops are raised and no feeding is done ii 

 connection with reindeer grazing. The individual grazing allot 

 ment, by which is meant a special kind of stock ranch, represent 

 the requirement for maintaining a herd and includes summer an( 

 winter ranges and fawning grounds. Consequently the utmost car 

 must be exercised and the best management maintained to insure 

 permanency of pasturage with a continued forage crop from yea 

 to year. 



All improvements, such as buildings and corrals for each here 

 should be constructed on the individual grazing allotment. Th 

 ideal arrangement would be, with definite allotments established, en 

 tirely to fence each unit, particularly the summer range, and tun 

 the reindeer loose within the inclosure to graze at will. Such a pla! 

 at this time, how^ever, is not financially practicable. With improve^ 

 methods of handling and control, grazing on the open range ma; 

 in effect be made to approach this ideal, which implies more natura 

 and open grazing. Under present handling, the tendency is to clos 

 herd and graze the reindeer more on the order of the old method 

 of handling range sheep. The tendency should be toward open herd 

 ing and grazing, more like the handling of range cattle in the Wester 

 States. 



Unlike much of the reindeer grazing conducted by the Lapps i 

 northern Sweden and Norway, where a nomadic existence is commoii' 

 reindeer grazing in Alaska is more centralized and tends rathe 

 toward permanent ranches. This is largely due to the habits of th 

 Eskimos and to the presence in Alaska of larger natural grazin 

 units which may be divided into individual grazing allotments eac| 

 complete in itself. The nomadic habit of the Lapp requires tha 



