THE TURKEY IMPORTANT IN THE SPREAD OF GAPEWORMS. 13 



Ground contaminated by gapeworms is likely to remain infective 

 for at least a year after further infection of the soil has ceased. 



Losses from gapes can be greatly reduced if not altogether avoided 

 by keeping young chickens on ground that has not been exposed to 

 contamination within at least a year and that is protected from further 

 contamination by excluding turkeys from it during its occupancy by 

 the chickens. As gapeworms appear rarely to occur in adult chickens, 

 brood hens may be associated with the young chickens with probably 

 little risk of infection to the latter from that source. 



The simplest means of preventing or reducing losses from gapes 

 appears to be the exclusion of turkeys from farms where chickens 

 are raised. 



LIST OF REFERENCES. 



HORNE. 



1910. — Fra veterinaerlaboratoriets daglige unders0kelser. En kyllingsyg- 

 dom. {Syngamus trachealis) <Norsk Vet.-Tidsskr., Kristiania, 

 v. 22 (6), Juni, pp. 159-164, figs. 1-2. 

 Montagu, George. 



1811. — Account of a species of Fasciola which infests the trachea of poul- 

 try, with a mode of cure. [Read Aug. 1, 1808] <Menr. Werner 

 Nat. Hist. Soc, Edinb. (1808-10), v. 1, pp. 194-198, pi. 7, fig. 4. 

 von Pocci, Franz Graf. 



1904. — Der Fasan und sein gefahrlichster Feind, der Rotwurni <Verhandl. 

 d. ornith. Gesellsch. in Bayern, Miinchen (1903), v. 4, n. F., v. 1, 

 pp. 102-118, figs. 1-3, 1 pi., figs. 1-5. 

 Ransom, Brayton H. 



1916'. — Miscellaneous investigations of animal parasites <Rep. Chief Bu- 

 reau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash., p. 64. 



1917.— Idem <Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Wash. (1916), p. 130. 



1917. — Miscellaneous investigations of animal parasites <Rep. Chief. 

 Bureau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash., pp. 56-5S. 



1918.— Idem <Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Washington (1917), pp. 122-124. 



1918. — Miscellaneous investigations of animal parasites <Rep. Chief Bu- 

 reau Animal Indust., U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash., pp. 55-56. 



1919.— Idem <Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Wash. (1918), pp. 125-126. 



1920.— On the life-history of the gape-worm (Syngamus trachealis) . (In 

 Proc Am. Soc. Zool., 17. Ann. Meet., St. Louis, Mo., Dec 29-31, 

 1919.) [Author's abstract] <Anat. Rec, Phila., v. 17 (5), Jan. 

 20, pp. 330-331. 



1920. — Gapeworm in turkeys and chickens. [Note read before 38. Meet. 

 Helminthol. Soc Wash., Oct. 18, 1919] <J. Parasitol., Urbana, 

 111., v. 6 (4), June, pp. 200-201. [Issued Aug. 14.] 

 Waite, Roy H. 



1920. — Earthworms — the important factor in the transmission of gapes in 

 chickens <Bull. 234, Maryland Agric. Exper. Station, College 

 Park, Jan., pp. 103-118, figs. 1-6. 

 Wiesenthal, Andrew. 



1799. — [Gapes in poultry.] [Letter to editor, dated May 21, 1797] <Med. 

 & Phys. J., Lond., v. 2 (8), Oct., pp. 204-205, 2 figs. 



o 



