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BULLETIN 463, L T . S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The force employed should vary "with the haul length, usually from 

 150 feet to 600 feet. Six to eight scrapers should be employed where 

 the haul exceeds 250 feet. Where necessary one of the snatch teams 

 may be used to assist the plow team. 



Such an outfit should move from 200 to 250 cubic yards of earth 

 per 10-hour day. 



Several types of dump wagons are used in road-grading work. 

 Probably the most common is the ordinary farm wagon fitted 

 with a slat-bottomed bed as illustrated in figure 11. The most 

 usual capacity for wagons of this kind is about 1\ cubic yards. 

 Patent dump wagons (fig. 18) are made in sizes ranging from 1 to 

 3 cubic yards capacity, and. in general, are preferable to the slat- 

 bottomed wagons, because they 

 are turned around more easily 

 in a short space and are much 

 more easily dumped. Patent 

 dump wagons of the size em- 

 ployed ordinarily in road work 

 (1J cubic yards capacity) sell 

 at an average price of about 

 $150, f. o. b. factory, which is 

 a relatively high cost as com- 

 pared to farm wagons, the price 

 of which seldom exceeds about 

 $50 or $75. One-horse carts are 

 used sometimes instead of wag- 

 ons, but two-wheeled vehicles 



Fig. 18. — Dump wagon. 



OPRRE3757 



are very severe on horses, espe- 

 cially when hauling over rough ground, and therefore the use of 

 carts is not recommended. 



Where wagons are used for hauling and the excavation is fairly 

 light, it is customary and economical to loosen the material with 

 plows and to load it into the wagons with hand shovels. If the exca- 

 vation is fairly heavy and sufficient in amount to warrant the addi- 

 tional outlay, it is economical sometimes to employ a small steam 

 shovel (fig. 19) for loosening and loading the material. The steam 

 shovels used ordinarily in road work have a dipper capacity of from 

 one-half to three-fourths of a cubic yard. Under fairly favorable 

 conditions steam shovels of these sizes can be made to load from 400 

 to 500 cubic yards of stiff earth per 10-hour day. 



Where the material is loosened by means of plows and hauled in 

 wagons the average small grading gang may consist of 1 foreman, 

 3 laborers, and 2 teams for plowing, 9 laborers for loading, 2 laborers 

 for spreading, and a sufficient number of teams for hauling to 



