34 



BULLETIN 463, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



at 12| cents per hour. The depreciation of grading equipment and 

 repairs are figured at 5 per cent per month while in use, and it is 

 expected that the force will be organized economically and managed 

 efficiently. 



Table 5. — Grading machine work. 



Assumed conditions : Original cross section flat ; finished cross section similar to figure 

 12 ; team to consist of six to eight well-trained horses ; no material moved longitudinally. 



Character of soil. 



Cost per mile. 



Light prairie free from stumps, roots, etc 



Average clay loam 



Heavy clay, moderate amount of sod arid roots, plowing necessary throughout 



Heavy clay, exceptionally difficult conditions '. 



Crowning and shaping road which has been graded with scrapers, etc 



S60to §80 

 100 to 150 

 200 to 250 

 From S250 up. 

 850 to $75 



Table 6. — Excavation and embankment. 



Assumed conditions : All material to be loosened with plows or by blasting, and to be 

 moderately dry when handled ; hauling to be done by means of drag scrapers, wheeled 

 scrapers, or wagons. 



Kind of material. 



Light sandy loam, 

 free from roots, 

 etc. 



Average clay loam, 

 free from roots, 

 etc. 



Heavy clay . 



Average 



haul 

 length. 



Feet. 



50 



100 



300 



1,000 



50 



100 



200 



1,000 



50 



100 



300 



1,000 



Hard pan or loose 

 rock. 



Solid rock. 



u 



300 



000 



Method of haul- 

 ing. 



Average cost 



per cubic 



yard. 



Drag scrapers 



do 



Wheeled scrapers. 

 Wagons 



Drag scrapers 



do 



Wheeled scrapers. 

 Wagons 



Drag scrapers 



do 



Wheeled scrapers. 

 Wagons 



Wagons . 

 do.. 



Wagons... 

 do.... 



Cents. 

 10 to 15 

 12 to 20 



16 to 25 

 25 to 40 



15 to 20 



17 to 25 

 23 to 35 

 32 to 50 



18 to 25 

 21 to 30 

 28 to 38 

 40 to 55 



40 to 65 

 45 to 75 



$0.65 to $1.50 

 .75 to 1.75 



Remarks. 



1 Material assumed to be such that little 

 J or no plowing is necessary. 



Material such as to be loosened with 

 plow drawn by two horses. 



4 horses required for plowing. 



Low prices apply where material may 

 be loosened with 4 horses and hard- 

 pan plow. High prices where blast- 

 ing is necessary. 



lHigh prices apply where stone is hard 

 / and excavation shallow. 



SAND-CLAY ROADS. 1 



A road surface constructed of sand and clay mixed in proper pro- 

 portions possesses the resisting powers of the sand in wet seasons and 

 of the clay in dry seasons, and frequently is superior to either in all 

 seasons. 



Natural sand-clay soils occur to some extent in nearly all sections 

 of the United States, and in many localities are rather widely dis- 

 tributed. Ordinary earth roads frequently contain short sections 



1 This discussion is based largely on information contained in Farmers' Bulletin 311, 

 " Sand-Clay and Burnt-Clay Roads," which was prepared by William L. Spoon, senior 

 highway engineer, and has been read and revised by E. W. James, general inspector, U. S. 

 Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. 



