EARTH, SAND-CLAY, AND GRAVEL ROADS. 



45 



surfaces, exclusive of grading, usually has ranged between $500 and 

 $1,500 a mile. 



Table 8. — Cost of sand-clay roads, exclusive of grading and materials. 





Project number. 



Items. 



1 



2 



3 



4 



5 



6 



7 



8 



Brook- 

 ville, 

 Fla. 



Mos- 

 cow, 

 Miss. 



Pear- 

 sail, 

 Tex. 



San 

 An- 

 tonio, 

 Tex. 



Gay 

 Head, 



Mass. 



Jack- 

 son, 

 N. C. 



Tar- 

 boro, 



N. C. 



Sayre, 

 Okla. 





0.45 



2S 

 20 

 16 



660 



0.75 



3 



830 

 0.50 



7 



$0. 175 

 .50 



.031 



0.78 



30 

 30 

 17 



1,524 

 1.5 



0.79 



26 

 26 

 15 



1.00 



40 

 26 

 16 



2.19 



22 

 22 

 16 



1,700 



0.125 



6 



2,300 



0.10 



6 



SO. 20 

 .50 



.010 

 f .223 

 \ .344 

 [ .003 



.010 

 .004 

 .006 



0.45 



30 

 30 

 14 



2.50 



22 

 22 



18 



0.75 



Width of graded road in feet: 



Cuts 



28 



Fills ... 



28 





14 



Sand mixture: 











1.00 



7 



S90 

 1.00 



SO. 12i 

 .35" 



.002 



.029 

 .84 



.077 



.002 

 .003 

















Clay mixture: 



SO. 10 



.25 



.003 



1,556 



0.19 



8 



SO. 12 

 .30 



.0064 



.091 



.914 

 .032 



.0017 

 .0005 

 .003 



1,825 

 0.057 



7 



SO. 15 

 .34-| 



.0088 



.072 



[ .286 



.0069 

 .0015 



2,815 



6 



$0.08 

 .24 



.0018 



.005 



1, 3"83 





1.42 





8 



Scale of wages per hour: 



SO. 16 





.30 



Cost: 



Subgrade, per square yard 



Stripping for surfacing material, 



. 00.96 

 .134 



Hauling sand, per cubic yard 



Hauling clav, per cubic yard 



Spreading material, per cubic yard 

 Mixing sand and clay, per square 



.425 

 .374 

 .019 



.0035 



.0035 

 . 0157 



.49 



.007 



.006 





.255 

 .0178 



.0024 

 .0022 

 .0007 



.567 

 .072 



.007 



Final shaping, per square yard 



General expense, per square yard. 





Total cost, per square yard 



.198 



.105 



.121 



.089 



.082 



.233 



.036 • 



.1S7 



GRAVEL ROADS. 1 



Roads that are artificially surfaced with gravel, as defined on 

 page 18, or with earthy material in the composition of which gravel 

 predominates, are called gravel roads. This designation covers a 

 variation in type which ranges from roads surfaced with a natural 

 sand-clay mixture containing a considerable percentage of gravel to 

 those having so-called " gravel macadam " surfaces, composed almost 

 wholly of pebbles and constructed in practically the same manner 

 as first-class macadam roads. Gravel roads constitute about one- 

 third the total mileage of surfaced roads in the United States and 

 are confined to no especial section of the country. 



In the following discussion of gravel roads it is convenient to con- 

 sider the subject under the two general heads, " Selection of Gravel ' 5 

 and " Construction Methods." 



1 It is desired to acknowledge the assistance of W. H. Rhodes, U. S. highway engineer, 

 in preparing this discussion, and of J. T. Voshell, J. D. Fauntleroy, J. A. Whitaker, and 

 James C. Wonders, U. S. district engineers, in reading and revising the test. 



