62 BULLETIN 473, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



1,904 pounds (17 hundredweight) for Assam, 2,464 pounds (22 hun- 

 dredweight) for Bengal, 2,688 pounds (24 hundredweight) for East- 

 ern Bengal, to 5,040 pounds (45 hundredweight) for Madras. The 

 total production of raw sugar for all Provinces increased from 

 2,096,624 tons in 1903-4 to 2,893,632 in 1912-13, decreased to 2,534,112 

 in 1913-14 and increased to 2,952,320 in 1915-16. The average for 

 the decade 1903-4 to 1912-13 was 2,382,371 tons. 



There are only about 20 modern factories in India and they are 

 small. This class of factory increased from 20 in 1903-4 to 26 in 

 1912-13, or an average of 23 for the decade. Most of these factories 

 are refineries, in which raw sugar prepared by the natives (rab or 

 guf) is purified. The number of employees for the factories given 

 varied from 4,018 in 1903-4 to 7,870 in 1912-13, or an average of 

 5,363 for the decade. The average number of employees per factory 

 for the decade was 233. 



The production of sugar in British India, while in excess of other 

 countries, has fallen short of domestic requirements, as an average of 

 604,193 tons annually were imported during the 10 years 1904-1913. 

 The imports increased from 388,023 tons in 1904 to 961,005 in 1913, 

 and decreased to 605,884 in 1914. The exports increased from 25.409 

 tons in 1904 to 40,227 in 1912, but decreased to 21,604 in 1914. The 

 annual average for the decade 1904-1913 was 25,839 tons for domestic 

 exports and 177,755 for foreign exports, or a total of 203.594 tons ex- 

 ported. The consumption of sugar for the decade 1904-1913 was 

 2,585,965 tons, or an average per capita consumption of 16.7 pounds. 

 Large quantities of cane are eaten raw as a delicacy by the natives, 

 and for this purpose a special variety is grown, containing less sugar 

 but having a softer fiber. The sugar consumed by the natives is raw 

 sugar (guf) and is prepared for market by being poured into small 

 holes scooped out in the ground or molded into balls or cakes by 

 hand. Very little refined sugar is used. 



JAVA, DUTCH EAST INDIES. 



CANE SUGAR. 



The growing of sugar cane in the Dutch East Indies is practically 

 confined to the Island of Java. The total area under cultivation 

 in Java and Madura in 1911 was 12,800,000 acres, of which 405,000 

 acres, or 3 per cent, was in sugar cane. Two other crops exceeded 

 the sugar cane in area. They were rice, 5,883,000 acres, and tobacco, 

 421,000 acres. Cane is grown in all parts of Java, but the four 

 Provinces of Soerabaja, Pasoeroean, Kediri, and Djokjakarta pro- 

 duced 60 per cent of the sugar in 1913. . These Provinces also con- 

 tained 107 of the 191 factories in operation that year. The harvest 



