10 



BULLETIN" 919, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



number of the bulls received no bedding at all, and in one instance 

 where the bull was kept separate his stall was bedded with the refuse 

 hay from his manger. 



Table 5. — Requirements for keeping a bull, by seasons, based on averages 

 obtained from the equivalent of 344 bulls. 



Item. 



Winter. 



Summer. 



Entire 

 year. 



Feed: 



do.... 



do.... 



do.... 



do.... 



do.... 



do 



280 

 129 



166 

 55 



446 



184 





409 



221 



630 



Noncommercial roughage 



Commercial carbohydrate hay 



339 



3,360 



193 



208 

 1,790 



77 



547 



5,150 



270 





3,892 



1,669 



31 



$1.68 



24.0 



2,075 



1,400 



12 



$11. 88 



16.4 



5,967 



3,069 



43 





$13. 56 







40.4 









Other costs: 



Interest and insurance on bull investment 



$10. 54 

 4.06 

 6.36 



$10. 48 

 4.09 

 6.28 



$21.02 



Bull's share of buildings 



8.15 



Depreciation 



12.64 









Total other costs 



20.96 

 10.22 



20.85 

 10.10 



41.81 



Credit for outside bull service 



20.32 









Total other cost less outside bull service 



10.74 



10.75 



21.49 







Table 5 shows an annual depreciation of $12.64 per bull per year. 

 Most of the bulls were purebred and were purchased when young at 

 purebred prices. As they grew older their values increased. This 

 appreciation in value helped to decrease the depreciation on old bulls 

 sold for beef for less than their purebred value. 



A credit for outside bull service of $20.32 per year was due to 

 service fees obtained from four of the bulls in the association, one of 

 which was an animal of special merit. However, the large credit 

 for outside service for this bull was partly offset by the increased 

 charges for interest, insurance, and depreciation. If both the " other 

 costs " of keeping the bull and the credit for outside service had been 

 stricken from the records, the net " other costs " per year for keeping 

 the other bulls would have averaged $31.69. 



FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF MILK. 



FEED. 



Concentrates is a term applied to grains and to their manufactured 

 by-products which contain a large amount of nutritious substance in 

 a relatively small bulk. 



Home-grown grains refer to concentrates grown on the farm or in 

 the locality where fed. 



Dry roughage includes various hays and other rough feeds, which 

 are subdivided into the three following classes ; 



