4 BULLETIN" 923, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



of 22.4 cows, with an average annual production of 5,111 pounds 

 of 3.9 per cent milk per cow. 



Out of each 100 cows during the two years, 58 freshened during 

 the winter six months and 27 during the summer six months, while 

 15 cows did not drop calves during the year. Thus there were 85 

 calves each year for every 100 cows in the herds. During the first 

 winter the cows were dry 2.7 months (average) before dropping 

 calves and 2.2 months during the second winter. In the first summer 

 the cows were dry for 2.5 months before calving and 2.7 months 

 during the second summer. The .difference between the number of 

 cows freshening in the winter and in the summer indicates that the 

 cows were not bred to freshen uniformly throughout the year. The 

 larger number of calves born during the winter does not mean that 

 winter dairying was practiced to so great an extent as the number of 

 cows freshening at that time would seem to indicate, for most of 

 these cows freshened in the latter part of the winter and were really 

 " summer cows." 



REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCING 100 POUNDS OF MILK. 



As the price of milk is generally based on 100-pound quantities, 

 the requirements for milk production were based on this unit. The 

 results are given in Table 1 and the credit for calves and manure in 

 Table 2. 



Table 1.- 



-Unit requirements, except charge for management, for producing 100 

 pounds of milk in winter and in summer. 



Item. 



Winter. 



Average 

 of two 

 winters. 



Summer. 



Average 



of two 



summers. 



1916-17 



1917-18 



1917 



1918 



Feed: 



Purchased concentrates pounds. . 



Home-grown grains do 



29.0 

 3.2 



30.2 

 3.8 



29.6 

 3.5 



7.2 

 .5 



9.2 

 .6 



8.1 

 .6 





32.2 



34.0 



33.1 



7.7 



9.8 



8.7 



Noncommercial roughage do 



Commercial roughage: 



1.1 



10S. 7 

 18.2 



1.2 



121.4 



9.4 



1.2 



114.7 

 14.0 



3.4 



10.4 



2.9 



.5 



18.2 

 2.6 



2.1 



13.9 

 2.7 



Total dry roughage do 



128.0 



132.0 



129.9 



16.7 



21.3 



18.7 



Silage and other succulent roughage 



193.2 



189.2 



191.3 



19.9 

 .09 



37.4 

 .11 



27.8 

 .10 



Bedding pounds. . 



10.0 



12.5 



11.8 

 0.020 



2.7 



.6 





Hauling and grinding concentrates 







0.005 



Labor: 



Human labor hours. . 



2.7 

 .6 



2.7 

 .5 



1.9 



.4 



2.1 

 .3 



2.0 

 .4 



Other costs: 



Building charges dollars. . 



Equipment charges and dairy supplies 

 dollars. . 



0.177 



.077 



0.174 



.097 

 .003 



0.176 



.087 

 .002 



0.128 



.056 



.005 



0.140 



.078 

 .017 



0.133 



.066 

 .010 



