﻿2 BULLETIN 13, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



This bulletin summarizes the most important facts relative to 

 white pine, with regard both to the original forest and to the second 

 growth. The yield tables for second-growth stands presented in the 

 bulletin are based on measurements made in southern New Hamp- 

 shire by C. A. Lyford and Louis Margolin. These may be considered 

 as roughly applicable to second-growth stands throughout most of 

 the range of white pine. From them have been derived tables show- 

 ing the value of stumpage at prevailing prices and the profit or loss 

 resulting from the management of second growth under favorable 

 and' unfavorable conditions. Methods are also suggested for securing 

 successive crops and for increasing the quantity and quality of the 

 yield. The chapters on "Direct Seeding" and "Protection" are 

 from an unpublished report on white pine by A. K. Chittenden and 



J. S. Ames. 



GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE. 



White pine grows in general from Newfoundland to southeastern 

 Manitoba; thence southeastward through Minnesota and central 

 Wisconsin, with detached groves as far south as central and eastern 

 Iowa, southern Wisconsin, and northern Illinois; and eastward 

 through southern Michigan and along the northern shore of Lake 

 Erie to New York. It is found in the northeastern corner of Ohio 

 and throughout the Appalachian Mountains as far south as Alabama 

 and Georgia. It is abundant throughout New England, New York, 

 and Pennsylvania, and on the Atlantic coast reaches its southern 

 limit in central New Jersey. 



The presence of white pine in this region is doubtless due to the 

 cool, moist climate. The cold climate farther north, the warm one 

 to the south, and the dry one to the west are all inhospitable to 

 white pine because their soils do not supply enough moisture for 

 transpiration. In the North this is due to the low temperature of 

 the soil moisture during much of the year and to low atmospheric 

 humidity, in the West to light precipitation and dry winds, and in 

 the South chiefly to the high temperature and low relative humidity 

 of the air. In the Appalachians suitable climatic conditions exist 

 at increasingly high altitudes as one goes south, so that while in 

 the North white pine is common at sea level in Alabama and Georgia 

 it does not thrive below an altitude of 2,500 or 3,000 feet. 



One of the factors responsible for the commercial importance of 

 white pine was its abundance. Thus, while the usefulness of the lum- 

 ber caused small tracts of white pine or even individual trees to be 

 highly prized in regions where pine was scarce, it was in the dense 

 pineries, and where the tree grew abundantly among hardwoods, 

 that white-pine lumbering assumed importance. The region in which 

 white pine was especially abundant comprised the New England 



