THE PECAN NUT CASE-BEARER 5 



moth stage. The term " brood 7 ' is used in speaking collectively of 

 the individuals of any stage of a particular generation, as egg, larva, 

 pupa, or adult. The overwintering larvae, after transforming in the 

 spring to pupae and in turn to adults are referred to as "spring-brood 

 pupae " and " spring-brood moths." Although the spring-brood pupae 

 and moths are the first to make their appearance during the growing 

 season, they are not designated as first-brood pupae and first-brood 

 moths, but these terms are reserved for the pupae and moths of the 

 next succeeding generation. 



ADULT AND EGG STAGES 



TIME OF EMERGENCE OF THE SPRING-BROOD MOTHS 



From material under observation during the season of 1916 it was 

 determined that spring-brood moths emerged from May 7 to May 23, 

 and in 1917 the period of emergence was May 2 to May 17. Moths 

 in the pecan orchard evidently came forth about the same time as 

 those in rearing cages, a fact which was determined by numerous 

 field observations. There is, however, one record of collecting an 

 empty pupal skin in the field as early as May 1, 1917, indicating that 

 this particular individual emerged earlier than the first insectary 

 rearing. The dates of issuance of 60 individuals are shown in 

 Table 1. 



Table 1. — Time of emergence of spring-brood moths of the pecan nut case-bearer, 

 Monticello, Fla., 1916 and 1917 



1916 



1917 



Date of emergence 



Num- 

 ber of 

 moths 



Date of emergence 



Num- 

 ber of 

 moths 



Date of emergence 



Num- 

 ber of 



moths 



Date of emergence 



Num- 

 ber of 



moths 





1 

 1 

 1 

 2 

 1 

 5 

 1 

 6 



May 16 



5 

 5 

 3 

 3 

 1 

 1 



May 2 



3 



1 

 5 

 3 

 1 

 1 

 4 



May 12 



2 



8 



17 



14 



1 



10 



18 



4 



16 



3 



11 



19... 



5 



17 



3 



12 



20 





Total 





13 



23 



10 



24 



14 



15 



Total 







36 





TIMES OF EMERGENCE OF FIRST AND SECOND BROOD MOTHS 



Records on the times of emergence of first and second brood moths 

 are given in Table 2 for 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917. 



From material under observation during the season of 1914, it was 

 determined that first-brood moths emerged from June 11 to July 2, 

 covering a period of 22 days. The maximum emergence occurred on 

 June 23, when 15 moths came forth. The second-brood moths began 

 to appear on July 23 and continued emerging until August 26, a period 

 of 35 days for all individuals under observation. Probably the times 

 of emergence of both the first and second brood moths varied some- 

 what from the dates based on reared specimens, but no doubt the 

 data given closely approximate the actual times of emergence under 

 natural conditions. 



The records for 1915 show that the first-brood moths emerged from 

 June 18 to July 15, the maximum emergence of 13 individuals occur- 



