206 SCIENCE-GOS SIP. 
BUTTERFLIES OF THE PALAEARCTIC REGION. 
By Henry CuHarves LANG, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. Lonp. 
(Continued from page 171.) 
1 describing the species of the genus Parasszzs, 
which generally very much resemble one another, 
we have to bear in mind the following markings ; 
F.w. Deep black spots near costa from 2 to 5. The 
2 or 3 outer ones placed one above the other and 
often marked with red. Another spot near centre of 
inner margin also frequently marked with red. 
A marginal transparent band and another shorter 
one, internal to this, generally wavy and reaching 
from the costa. H.w. Two large spots usually 
bright red, and surrounded by black rings, often with 
white centres, black basal and inner marginal patch 
of shading. Marginal and ante-marginal transparent 
bands. A black spot near anal angle. Underside 
h.w. with red patches at the base. 
@ larger and duskier in appearance than ¢ ; spots 
near anal ang. h.w. with one or two red centres. 
Has. Hilly and mountainous regions throughout 
Europe, except the Polar regions and the British 
Isles, from which it is absent. Armenia and S.W. 
Siberia. Nearly always a common species where it 
occurs. I found it the most common butterfly at St. 
Martin Vesubie in the French Department of Alpes 
Maritimes in June, 1899. V.—IX. 
Larva. Black covered with reddish orange points 
and small blue elevations. There is a post-cephalic 
Y-shaped process. On Saxifrages and Sedum. 
IV. Ve 
a. var. hesebolus Nord. 80—95 mm. Kesembles 
P. apollo, but is much larger. Wings whiter in 
Parnassius apollo var. hesebolus. 
These are the most frequent characters; but 
occasionally one or other of them, or rarely all of 
them, are absent. Sometimes extra markings are 
‘added, such as a red spot at base of h.w., or a row of 
blue centred ante-marginal spots. 
Group I. CARINATI AUST. 
1. P. apollo L. Lg. B.E. p 6, pl. IV, fig. 1, 
pl. V., fig. 6. Aust. Parn. 86, pl. VII., fig. 1. 
Abdominal Pouch Fig. 1a, 16. 
76—8o0 mm. 
Wings white, more or less translucent; F.w. with 
out. marg. broadly shaded with a transparent border, 
internal to which is a wavy band. Costa with four 
black spots; in. marg. with a conspicuous black spot 
at centre. H.w. with two circular red spots, sur- 
rounded by black rings and often with white centres, 
one spot is near the costa, and the othercentral. In. 
marg. black. No red basal spot. U.s. h.w. with 
red basal spots. Margl. fringes not chequered. 
appearance, and not so translucent. F.w. with the 
ant-marg. transparent, bands very much less in 
proportion. @ with the in. margl. and one of the 
costal spots marked with red as in 2. de/éus. H.w. 
in 6 much less broadly black at base and inner 
marg. ; ou. marg. white with no dusky band. Black 
spots towards an. ang. strongly marked. 
Has. Siberia, Altai and Ala-Tau mountains ; Ural, 
Caucasus. The largest specimens are found in 
Thibet. V. VIII. 
6. var. mongolica Stgr. Much resembles hesebolius, 
but the base and inner margins of h.w. are blacker and 
more strongly marked. The wavy ant. marg. band 
of all the wings are more indicated. Has. 
Tianschan. 
c. var. transhaicalensis Stgr. About the size of 
hesebolus, which it much resembles, but all the spots 
are smaller, especially those marked red on the h.w. 
Bases of h.w. blacker, but the black spots near 
