STJGAE PIITE. 13 



The felling crew is generally made up of an undercutter, who 

 decides which way the tree shall fall and notches it with an axe on 

 that side, and two ''fallers," who cut the tree down with a cross-cut 

 saw. Such a crew usually fell from 55,000 to 60,000 feet per day. 

 They are followed by the marker, who divides the tree into the proper 

 log lengths, and the buckers, who cut it into logs. Working singly 

 with crossH3ut saws, the buckers average 9,000 to 10,000 feet daily. 



The next step, yarding, consists in transporting the logs from the 

 woods to the chutes or railroad landings. This is accomplished 

 generally by means of steam donkey engines called "yarders," 

 which operate strong wire cables reeled on drums. The largest 

 machines can carry sufficient cable to bring in logs 2,000 feet away; 

 1,200 feet is an average pull, however. From 10 to 13 men are 

 required in a yarding crew for handling from 25,000 to 40,000 feet of 

 logs per day. Wherever possible, logging railroads are used and the 

 yarding engines are located along these roads. Sometimes, however, 

 when the logs reach the yarder they are placed in V-shaped log 

 chutes and pulled to the mill or raihoad by another usually larger, 

 donkey engine known as the chute donkey, roader, or bull donkey. 



At the mill the logs are generally placed in a pond for storage. 

 From here they can be readily pulled into the mill for sawing. 



The average cost per 1,000 feet of logging sugar pine and yellow 

 pme is about $5.30, itemized as follows: 



Chute construction $0. 15 



Railroad , 50 



Depreciation 35 



5.30 



Felling and bucking $0. 65 



Yarding 1. 80 



Chuting (54 per cent of cut) 35 



Loading 25 



Railroad haul 1. 00 



Supervision 25 



In the sugar-pine region various methods of logging are used. 

 Small-mill operators can not make the heavy investments necessary 

 for donkey engines, and they commonly yard logs to chutes by means 

 of six-horse or eight-horse teams. The logs are hauled in the chutes 

 in trains of 8 or 10 by similar teams. These horse chutes usually 

 end at the mill. Other small outfits deliver the logs at the mill by 

 means of eight-horse trucks, which are loaded by horses at landings 

 in the v.'oods. In the northern part of California many localities are 

 so smooth that large operators find it an economy to yard logs by 

 means of horses and overhead big wluuds. 



MILLING. 



Two main types of mills are us(id, those in which circular saws do 

 the cutting, and the larger, more modern mills, which employ band 

 saws. Rotary mills usually saw lumber for th(i local niitrket. While 

 such mills require a smaller investment than band mills, their output 

 is less, the cost of operation is higher, and the wasto is greater. The 



