2 BULLETIN 429^ U. S. DEPAETMENT OP AGRICULTUEE. 



This bulletin deals with the life history and habits of the codling 

 moth, giving the results of observations in 1912 and 1913. Results 

 of spraying operations during those years have been given in Bulletin 

 No. 88 of this department. Subsequent experiments in orchards 

 will be reserved for a later pubhcation. 



During the season of 1912 investigations were conducted by Mr. 

 A. G. Hanunar, assisted by Mr. E. R.. Van Leeuwen. Mr. Hammar 

 was also in charge of the work during 1913 and was assisted by Mr. 

 L. L. Scott and the junior author. Messrs. R. J. Fiske and H. G. 

 Ingerson rendered valuable assistance in connection with the prepara- 

 tion of the tables in the present paper. Owing to the death of Mr. 

 Hammar it devolved upon the writers to prepare for pubhcation 

 the results of his studies and experiments. 



DEFINITION OF TERMS USED. 



The terms used herein are practically identical with those em- 

 ployed in recent former pubHcations of the Bureau of Entomology 

 on the codling moth. Thus the term "brood" is used in speaking 

 of individuals of one generation of any stage, as egg, larva, or pupa. 

 A "generation" is considered to begin with the egg stage and to 

 terminate with the moth, or imago, stage of the same generation, 

 thus including aU the stages of the life cycle. The "complete hfe 

 cycle" includes the time from the deposition of the egg of one genera- 

 tion to the time of deposition of the egg of the next generation. 



Since the wintering larvae of the codhng moth in the Pecos Valley 

 (as well as in other locahties where there is even a partial second 

 brood of larvae) are from the different broods produced throughout 

 the same season, they are referred to collectively as "wintering 

 larvae," and include all the larvae which do not transform the same 

 season as hatched. 



Similarly, the overwintering larvae when transformed in the 

 spring to pupae may be suitably referred to as "spring pupae" and 

 the resulting moths as "spring moths." 



The terms used in designating the separate stages may be defined 

 as follows : 



Wintering larvse may include larvae of the first, second, third, and fourth broods of 



the preceding season. 

 The spring brood of pupae include pupae resulting from overwintering larvse. 

 The spring brood of moths include moths emerging from the spring brood of pupae. 

 The first generation includes: 



The first brood of eggs; 



The first brood of larvae, which includes both transforming larvse and wintering 

 larvse; 



The first brood of pupx, resulting from transforming larvse; 



The first brood of moths, which emerge from transforming pupae of the same genera- 

 tion. 



