10 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGEICULTTJEE. 



A modem mill town recently constructed in connection with a double- 

 band mill is reported to have cost as follows: 



Mess house $3, 700 



Bunk house 2, 200 



Sewer system 3, 400 



Watersystem 3, 200 



Dwellings 18, 000 



Total 30, 500 



BOARDING. 



The cost to the company of boarding men usually ranges from SI 8 



to $22 per month, a figure of |20 being the average at mill camps 



and the one commonly used by most companies in figuring costs. 



At camps where the employees are required to pay board the rates 



range from $20 a month to 25 cents per meal, the equivalent of $22.50 



per month. 



FACTORS AFFECTING THE CUT. 



CULL. 



Cull is the discount from the gross scale because of rot, breakage, 

 or defects in form. The figures available are based principally upon 

 the judgment of competent timber estimators and scalers, not on 

 actual measurements. Sugar and yellow pine are the least defective 

 and are discounted from to 4 per cent, and sometimes 5 per cent. 

 Douglas fir is quite defective in many parts of the region, par- 

 ticularly in the Coast Range, where the cull ranges from 10 to 25 

 per cent. White fir has from 10 to 25 per cent cull throughout the 

 region, and red fir stands have about the same am omit. Because of 

 its peckiness, incense cedar is the most defective and is culled from 

 15 to 40 per cent. Measurements covering an area of 360 acres 

 on the Shasta Forest gave the following losses through defects and 

 breakage: Sugar pine, 14.5 per cent; yellow pine, 10 per cent; 

 Douglas fir, 23.5 per cent; white fir, 15 per cent; and incense cedar, 

 17 per cent. 



UTILIZATION. 



In the private operations, which make up the bulk of the logging 

 in this region, all of the timber is cut and removed which is con- 

 sidered merchantable by the operator. Stumps are cut from 16 to 

 36 inches in height, the average for most operations being from 24 

 to 28 inches. Tops are utihzed to limits of from 8 or 10 inches m 

 smooth pine to 14 or 16 inches in rough timber, the average being 

 between 10 and 12 inches for pine and about 12 or 13 inches for fir 

 and cedar. The smallest trees cut are about 14 or 15 inches inside 

 the bark on the stump for pine and 15 or 16 inches for fir and cedar. 

 Some concerns log aU trees down to these limits, while others take 

 only the pine and the best and most accessible of the fir and cedar. 

 This difference in policy is usually based on different logging and 



