22 BULLETIN 440, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE. 



Each set of wheels makes about 19 or 20 trips daily. In addition to 

 a team and driver for each pair of wheels, there are two men and a 

 team to bmich the logs, and a fifth man to dig chain holes mider the 

 bunches. The cost of bunching is about $7.10 per day, or 31 cents 

 per 1,000; and of hauling, about S15 per day, or 65 cents per 1,000. 

 The other extreme is found in a stand of timber averaging about two 

 logs per 1,000, where seven pairs of big wheels put in about 120,000 

 feet daily; maximmn haul one-fourth mile. Each pair of wheels 

 has a team and teamster. The remainder of the crew consists of 

 four loaders, one snatch teamster, two loadmen, and one barn man. 

 The bunching is done by two teams and crews. A snatch team is 

 used to help start the "heavier loads. The cost of hauling is $60 daily, 

 or 50 cents per 1,000; and the cost of bunching, $26 daily, or 22 cents 

 per 1,000. Under conditions only moderately favorable, the average 

 daily output to be expected would be about 100,000, at a cost of 86 

 cents per 1,000. 



Owing to the weight of the so-called slip-tongues, four horses must 

 be used on each pair. A four-horse team will haul a pair of these 

 wheels up a grade of from 17 to 20 per cent. On heavier grades the 

 wheels must be pulled back over the logs with a cable. When loaded, 

 they will readily come down over pitches of 35 per cent; also a slight 

 adverse grade can be overcome. They can be used on longer hauls; 

 the maximum (where truck hauling becomes cheaper) is reported to 

 be 1-J miles. The reason for these differences in operation lies in the 

 slip-tongue device. The tongue, which slides forward or backward 

 at will, is attached by a long rod to a lever, which is in turn connected 

 with an iron shaft on the top of the axle which tightens or slackens 

 the binding chains. Thus, when the load drags, the tongue is pulled 

 forward and the load raised, which lightens the draft; conversely, 

 when the wheels run ahead, the tongue slides back and the load is 

 allowed to drag and act as a brake. 



On a mile haul with fairly good level road about eight round trips 

 are made daily. The average load is about 1,100 feet, making an 

 output of 9,000 daily. The labor cost is $9.50 per day, or $1.06 per 

 1,000. One bunching team with two men and one swamper is re- 

 quired in the woods for the two wheels. The cost of bunching is 

 about 44 cents per 1,000; and the cost of swamping, 14 cents per 

 1,000. On a haul of about one-fourth mile a set of slip-tongue high 

 wheels makes 14 trips daily with an average load of 1,200 feet. A 

 team and one man is required for bunching. The cost is about $1 

 per 1,000 for both hauling and bunching. 



Stiff-tongue big wheels are superior for short hauls and good gi ound. 

 The sUp-tongue type is better for long hauls and slopes over 12 per 

 cent. The slip-tongues are sometimes undesirable on timber-sale 



