LUMBERING IN PINE EEGION OF CALIFORNIA. 29 



The most efficient donkey logging in the yellow pine and white fir 

 of the East Slope region is done on an operation using 10 by 11 inch 

 and 10 by 13 inch machines, both direct and compound geared. The 

 logging chance is excellent. The stand is well distributed and the 

 timber medium sized, about three logs per 1,000 and five logs per 

 tree. The average stand is from 20,000 to 25,000 per acre. The 

 surface is smooth and the slopes moderate, mostly from 10 to 20 per 

 cent. The railroad is so built that the actual maximum distance is 

 from 1,300 to 1,400 feet. Logs are hauled in long lengths and bucked 

 by hand at the yarders. The amomit yarded daily averages from 

 36,000 to 40,000 for the season. The crew at each machine is com- 

 posed of 1 hooktender, 2 rigging slingers, 2 swampers, 1 whistlepunk, 

 1 frogger, 1 frog shoveler, 1 engineer, and 1 fireman. Water is sup- 

 plied through pipes by pumping and gravity. Slab wood from the 

 sawmill is used for fuel. 



Compound machines lOJ by lOj mches and 10 by 13 inches are 

 used in the northern portion of the East Slope. The timber here is 

 large, averaging less than two logs per 1,000. The stand is patchy 

 and averages about 20,000 per acre. The surface is smooth but very 

 brushy and the slopes are moderate, averagmg about 20 per cent. 

 The logs are cut mto both single and double lengths, though mostly 

 into single lengths, because of their large size. The average seasonal 

 output is from 25,000 to 26,000 per day. The approximate maxi- 

 mum yarding distance is 1,400 feet. Each donkey crew is made up 

 of 1 hooktender, 1 head rigging slinger, 2 riggers, 1 choker-hole digger, 

 1 knotter, 1 whistlepunk, 1 engineer, and 1 fireman. Fuel is supplied 

 by cutting white fir trees into wood, loading this wood on flat cars, 

 and hauling it to each yarder. Water is scarce and is supplied in 

 tank cars. A line mule is used for stringing line. 



A typical operation in the sugar and yellow pine of the southern 

 Sierras combines small tandem drum donkeys for hauls up to 1,200 

 feet and large 11 by 13 inch moguls for distances up to 2,000 feet. 

 The stand averages from 30,000 to 35,000 per acre, and the trees 

 average from six to eight logs. The country is rather rough and the 

 chance of more than average difficulty. The slopes are steep, ranging 

 from 25 to 50 per cent, '^rhc plan of logging involves a railroad along 

 the main stream with cliutcs up the slopes into the timber. The logs 

 are yarded in double lengths and bucked with steam saws. The 

 smaller machines ])ut in from 23,000 to 25,000 feet daily, with the 

 following crew: 1 logger, 2 swampers, 1 rigger, 1 lookout, 1 frogger, 

 1 frog shoveler, 1 engineer, 1 fireman, and 1 woodbucl<. 'I'he larger 

 machines average from 28,000 to 30,000 daily, and have tiie following 

 crew: 1 logger, 1 head rigger, 2 riggers, 2 swampers, 1 wliistlepunk, 

 1 frogger, 1 frog shoveler, 1 engineer, 1 fireman, and 2 woodbucks. 



