LUMBERING IN PINE REGION OF CALIFORNIA. 31 



minutes, divided as follows: Outhaul 3, hooking three-fourths, inhaul 

 3J, huiigup 4f , block one-half, and landing three-fourths minutes. A 

 compound geared machine under the same conditions, yarding from 

 900 to 1,000 feet, made an average turn in 8f minutes, as follows: 

 Outhaul 21, hooking one-half, inhaul 3 J, hungup 1|, block one-half, 

 and landing 1 minute. Delays waiting for steam brought the average 

 up to 11 or 12 minutes. A 10 by 12 inch tandem drum machine, 

 yarding from 700 to 800 feet on fair ground in large timber, with 

 two bull blocks, averaged a turn in 13i minutes, as follows: Outhaul 

 li, hooking Ih, inhaul 2i, hungup 4f, first lead block IJ, main lead 

 block three-fourths, and landing 1 minute. A 11 by 13 inch yarder 

 in a fairly rough comitry averaged 14 minutes to a turn on a down- 

 hill haul of 1,500 feet. A similar machine hauling uphill 800 feet 

 averaged 10 minutes per turn. An addition of 500 feet increased the 

 average time by 10 minutes. Usually the average time required at 

 a lead block is about one-half minute under favorable, three-fourths 

 minute mider normal, 1 minute under difficult, and 1 1 minutes ander 

 very difficult conditions. The time required to change a choker, on 

 a log hmigup behind a tree or stump, ordinarily varies from 1 to 1^ 

 minutes. 



The type of donkeys selected depends upon the character of the 

 timber and ground. The Dolbeer is apparently going out of use, 

 because labor is too great a factor in its operation and its maximum 

 yarding dista.nce is too short. Small compound machines are pre- 

 ferred in small rather light timber where the maximum yarding dis- 

 tance is short. Medium-sized machines are used in larger timber 

 under similar conditions. Shghtly larger engines are adopted in 

 locahties where the chance is more difficult and the yarding distance 

 longer. The largest yarders are used where it is desired to haid 

 extra long distances both up and down hill and over all obstacles. 

 Compound geared machines carry loss cable than the tandem drum 

 type. The tandem drum machines can also be used as roaders, if 

 occasion demands. As a rule, the smaller yarders, with shorter 

 lines, do more satisfactory work upon National Forest timber sale 

 areas. 



Operators are finding it an economy to construct more logging 

 spm-s and thus shorten the yarding distance. Hauling logs in double 

 and triple lengths and bucking at the yarder or miU pond greatly 

 increases yarding ()frici(!n(;y, if tfie work is well arranged. The longer 

 sections decrease the time of hooking in the woods, follow tlio run 

 bettor, hang up loss, and yield more in scale foot, board measure, per 

 turn. A inucliine shoiil'l avcwiige 5,000 more daily liunling long logs 

 than sliori. logs. More povv(!rful n)aehines are ixiquii-od, however. 



Wood is tlie Mnivcrs)i,l fuel I'oi- yarders. Oil burning is not at- 

 tempted, because (jf the di(Iic,iil(,y of delivering oil at the machines. 



